1 20 48 http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/0bf95c6bd529cb21f660cb92021d17e8.pdf bf822122bfd9d01a064c54e911796544 PDF Text Text DRAFT At i t s £ina l meeting , W ednesday, May 1 7th , - t h i Black S t u dies the Connni tt ee met to draw up a b r i e f summary repor -t' ou tl ining a re as of consensus and dis e:1sus that h;.\d d(?veloped on s:x~cific is:-~ues re l atin~l fO}~n1ed to the SA S pro?osal fe.:· a Black Stuoies Major discus~;i(ins" which tlH:: pri_ncip.::\l frame-work for: the Conmittee.fs I. Co110(1ui~: -:.......;.;;;,;;;:;.....; 1. If there was space availab P t studen t s no t ma j ori n g i n collonuium offered during BJrCI( Studies could take the l ess adv~n c ed t h e' - jun i or year. The major should include three colloolia: two in the social sciences and one in the huma n i -ie s. co.~ ..loquium One social science would offer a. det.::l..ile< analysis of th0. r- i t '; cal >?conom:v .ol of the bl a c k urban communi ties; and the other 'vauld focus on a v ar i ety of hi stor ical and politic. 1 cevelop~eD-s affecting t.e black colloouium ommun i +y durinq t he 20.:h century. The humani~ i e: to prOV-irl2 fay ('\ rno'-e f1 exj ble us"? of -fa(T l"~ ' resources. The focus of the htmanities co l loquium wou l d cover materials in the a rts and li 2rature e to tal<.e tiVO out of " "he thre e colloouia. during thei r junior or senior ye.::l..r c L~~ In c\.ddi tioD to the col l oquiE\; ma.joy.s in Bl a ck S "1-1 Hes ~o would also bp r00uired to take a senior seminar and tvrite a thesis. �2. 1. In g eneral, for there wcs not firm agreement on the credits the senior seminar , or the thes i s, two .he to b e ~iven the colloquia, al that 911 . t:he.' d~veloping consensus of the Cammi ttee was thrJ. t fo.>: e?,c~ ( ' 0 l ] credi t s shou d be' senior semina.r ~ offr.:.w(.~d o c::.uium; two err.: dj ts for 8 cDei one credi T.' for the senio 'C thesis ~\ 2. With recard to the - abov e-mention~( ere it offerings} - i t was nO,ted th t i.t 'woul d not ena.blc prospective Black Stu c'ie s present r0.n98 o f conrse requirE:~7nents 'w " u Id lea v e s tud'2n ts wi th for .'3, .reak disciplinc'.ry b0.se , "'hieh might lI1C1.k(:: i t rnor(C:; difficul t future bl cck studies ma jors to g a in entr&nce into gradua te or professional schools. 3 $ It \\'<'\5 3.1 so p ro ~')()sed that 1 in some cases 1 bvo courses might be a ccepted as equi ~ l ent from the p :esen t progLam of~ering . to one colIc o..uium upon the a pproval of the Di rpctor of Bl2o.ck Studj (.:> s or the Black Sturl i es COM9ittpc 4. A cl ear delinoation of the relation of the tDO e~(pec i a lly so ci~l science colloqui,?\ to one another t and leve l of a n a lysi s s in terr:1S of content h2o,S not yet · n eE: n fu lly develope , nor is i t pLE~sen t (>d l? clear ho\'! su r v2Y mateLl.a ls in BJacl< Stndics P rogram sub stantir\lly courses, but 2..1so covered in t colloquia, wil l differ.-. and Intro uction to SconoMics ( Economics 1) would be prerequisites to t1' (': SociC).l Sci0nce Co ll oquiC\. on FO .ndatio's of Pulitical Thought mi ght be off0red~ Committee �3 me~bers were unclear as to what the content of the course should be ideally i t might differ in focus. or hry~ ," ap~roach, or content fr0~ simil ar courses in Political Theo r y currently being offered in the Poli tica.l·~Sd"el:~ce Department. 2. Questions were also raised about whether the c o urs,-s now considered p :cerequi si tos to the Colloquia ;' ere b :r:oad enou<.;Jh to provide prospecti0e'm~jors with a sufficient backgroundto the r2,nge of topics that ,\,liould b(? covered in the Colloquia .. I II. §taffing Problems .. " faculty for the Black Studies Program , since it ' vas recognized that this ",'ould have a substantial bearing upon the shape of and prospects fo r developing a Black Studies the meeti.ng 2,t major~ W('.:l.S The Provost, '~10 attended WG\.S 1.'-'bich this issue cliscussPcl f agreed tha. t: it ' both necessary and urgent to recruit additional black factlty more intens(?ly~ B ., The Co:nmi ttee also recognized that the nUr.1ber and interests of faculty members v'ould v.l tir;lately influence the char(-\cter 2,nd scope of the Black Studi(?s najo}: D.nd that the Cornmi ttee ' s conce _,tio1) of the Jd nd of facul t;y de.:i.red for Program 'vould inflLence Fin0.11y ~ i t ~\t<\S 2n ex;:vmded BJ ClCK Stud::'es f~culty ~he ava:l~bility of certain , r0SOUTces. recos;nized t at sDeci~'inc . ... -- the contert of the coI J. oqnia in c;re."\t det2:i.l "-,(mId a.lst) c..ffect the numbe r of available facu1 ty menbe:cs • .l B. The T"E<I21tion of +:he CnlJ.oC}uiC\ to , B~ c'.ck Studj, -.5 courses. C. Th(~ rc:~ .L",. ti'_"lnsl' iT) of L cC'urses offered in Black S ' Helies to �the ack studios D~ Progra~. T e relation of the Bllc< Studies ma j or t o the spec i r-· . II. Pre r eguis~t e s (cont$) Issues ( cont. ) Be Unr~~ q 3. There was not agreement on whether Black Studies majors should take 4 o r 5 courses within the disciplines. � DRAFT At i t s £ina l meeting , W ednesday, May 1 7th , - t h i Black S t u dies the Connni tt ee met to draw up a b r i e f summary repor -t' ou tl ining a re as of consensus and dis e:1sus that h;.\d d(?veloped on s:x~cific is:-~ues re l atin~l fO}~n1ed to the SA S pro?osal fe.:· a Black Stuoies Major discus~;i(ins" which tlH:: pri_ncip.::\l frame-work for: the Conmittee.fs I. Co110(1ui~: -:.......;.;;;,;;;:;.....; 1. If there was space availab P t studen t s no t ma j ori n g i n collonuium offered during BJrCI( Studies could take the l ess adv~n c ed t h e' - jun i or year. The major should include three colloolia: two in the social sciences and one in the huma n i -ie s. co.~ ..loquium One social science would offer a. det.::l..ile< analysis of th0. r- i t '; cal >?conom:v .ol of the bl a c k urban communi ties; and the other 'vauld focus on a v ar i ety of hi stor ical and politic. 1 cevelop~eD-s affecting t.e black colloouium ommun i +y durinq t he 20.:h century. The humani~ i e: to prOV-irl2 fay ('\ rno'-e f1 exj ble us"? of -fa(T l"~ ' resources. The focus of the htmanities co l loquium wou l d cover materials in the a rts and li 2rature e to tal<.e tiVO out of " "he thre e colloouia. during thei r junior or senior ye.::l..r c L~~ In c\.ddi tioD to the col l oquiE\; ma.joy.s in Bl a ck S "1-1 Hes ~o would also bp r00uired to take a senior seminar and tvrite a thesis. �2. 1. In g eneral, for there wcs not firm agreement on the credits the senior seminar , or the thes i s, two .he to b e ~iven the colloquia, al that 911 . t:he.' d~veloping consensus of the Cammi ttee was thrJ. t fo.>: e?,c~ ( ' 0 l ] credi t s shou d be' senior semina.r ~ offr.:.w(.~d o c::.uium; two err.: dj ts for 8 cDei one credi T.' for the senio 'C thesis ~\ 2. With recard to the - abov e-mention~( ere it offerings} - i t was nO,ted th t i.t 'woul d not ena.blc prospective Black Stu c'ie s present r0.n98 o f conrse requirE:~7nents 'w " u Id lea v e s tud'2n ts wi th for .'3, .reak disciplinc'.ry b0.se , "'hieh might lI1C1.k(:: i t rnor(C:; difficul t future bl cck studies ma jors to g a in entr&nce into gradua te or professional schools. 3 $ It \\'<'\5 3.1 so p ro ~')()sed that 1 in some cases 1 bvo courses might be a ccepted as equi ~ l ent from the p :esen t progLam of~ering . to one colIc o..uium upon the a pproval of the Di rpctor of Bl2o.ck Studj (.:> s or the Black Sturl i es COM9ittpc 4. A cl ear delinoation of the relation of the tDO e~(pec i a lly so ci~l science colloqui,?\ to one another t and leve l of a n a lysi s s in terr:1S of content h2o,S not yet · n eE: n fu lly develope , nor is i t pLE~sen t (>d l? clear ho\'! su r v2Y mateLl.a ls in BJacl< Stndics P rogram sub stantir\lly courses, but 2..1so covered in t colloquia, wil l differ.-. and Intro uction to SconoMics ( Economics 1) would be prerequisites to t1' (': SociC).l Sci0nce Co ll oquiC\. on FO .ndatio's of Pulitical Thought mi ght be off0red~ Committee �3 me~bers were unclear as to what the content of the course should be ideally i t might differ in focus. or hry~ ," ap~roach, or content fr0~ simil ar courses in Political Theo r y currently being offered in the Poli tica.l·~Sd"el:~ce Department. 2. Questions were also raised about whether the c o urs,-s now considered p :cerequi si tos to the Colloquia ;' ere b :r:oad enou<.;Jh to provide prospecti0e'm~jors with a sufficient backgroundto the r2,nge of topics that ,\,liould b(? covered in the Colloquia .. I II. §taffing Problems .. " faculty for the Black Studies Program , since it ' vas recognized that this ",'ould have a substantial bearing upon the shape of and prospects fo r developing a Black Studies the meeti.ng 2,t major~ W('.:l.S The Provost, '~10 attended WG\.S 1.'-'bich this issue cliscussPcl f agreed tha. t: it ' both necessary and urgent to recruit additional black factlty more intens(?ly~ B ., The Co:nmi ttee also recognized that the nUr.1ber and interests of faculty members v'ould v.l tir;lately influence the char(-\cter 2,nd scope of the Black Studi(?s najo}: D.nd that the Cornmi ttee ' s conce _,tio1) of the Jd nd of facul t;y de.:i.red for Program 'vould inflLence Fin0.11y ~ i t ~\t<\S 2n ex;:vmded BJ ClCK Stud::'es f~culty ~he ava:l~bility of certain , r0SOUTces. recos;nized t at sDeci~'inc . ... -- the contert of the coI J. oqnia in c;re."\t det2:i.l "-,(mId a.lst) c..ffect the numbe r of available facu1 ty menbe:cs • .l B. The T"E<I21tion of +:he CnlJ.oC}uiC\ to , B~ c'.ck Studj, -.5 courses. C. Th(~ rc:~ .L",. ti'_"lnsl' iT) of L cC'urses offered in Black S ' Helies to �the ack studios D~ Progra~. T e relation of the Bllc< Studies ma j or t o the spec i r-· . II. Pre r eguis~t e s (cont$) Issues ( cont. ) Be Unr~~ q 3. There was not agreement on whether Black Studies majors should take 4 o r 5 courses within the disciplines. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Draft of Black Studies Committee] Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Curriculum Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Studies Committee Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [05/17/1972] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Black Studies http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/e25b15f072330e523d0de9408a4edfe7.pdf 9e8bc93e8fc325841b9b67d65d57cb44 PDF Text Text -/ To: Ning Robinson, Hark Breihart, Dave Smith, Lew Cook, and Robert Cross From: Fr ed Pryor and Jerry Wood Enclosed, you ''lill find a draft of the statements on pr ivacy. He ''lOuld appreciate your comments, not only on formulations but also on completeness • - . �PRIVACY OF MEMBERS OF THE COLLEDE COMMUNITY Members of the college community, primarily faculty and staff members, are frequently 'a'sk;d for information about other members of the college community. On the one hand such requests may concern recommendations of students for graduate school or employment or information for a daily newspaper regarding awards granted to outstanding faculty members or students; on the other hand such requests may concern political opinions of community members or information concerning criminal activities. It is often difficult to determine which information is private or confidential and should not b~ released ' in order to protect the privacy of members of the college community and which may be publicly r eleased. The principles presented in this statement deal with general issues and those presented in the following statement concern specific problems of the confid entiality of academic, financial, and other records. I. Verification of reguest In all cases the credentials of the person reques ting information should be closely checked. All police officials, F.B.I. agents, and newspapermen have identification cards with photographs; if there is any doubt as to the authenticity , of such identification cards, the home office of the person requesting information should be called to see if such requests were authorized. Authenticity of requests for information by mail are more difficult to check, but if they regard particular members of the college community, these members should be called to verify the legitimacy of the request. F.B.Io agents or members of other investigation agencies checking the loyalty of applicants for f ederal jobs should be asked to show the release signed by the person under investigation giving' permission for such an enquiry. II. Privileged information In the course of fulfilling college duties both faculty members and staff learn much about other members of the college community which must be cons id ered privileged information; this information is not to be released to those r equesti ng such information from either inside or outside the college community. 1. Such privileged information especially concerns ideas expressed by students in writing and class participation. One of the aims of a college education is to question and shake opinions and beliefs pre';'iously arrived at and to form opinions that have been tested by the individual himself. The student is exposed to new ideas put forth by faculty members, by other students, or in r eading . During his college years he is asked to look with an open mind at different theories and philosophies and is also encouraged to tryout ideas in experience. Many students go through a series of divergent yet passionately held philosophical convictions while at college. They may defend each strongly, this being one way of t esting them. The espousal by some students in discussion or papers of ideas considered subversive outside the campus, must therefore be recognized as a normal activity in a college . It follows from this that there must exist a special relationship of trust among students and faculty in th eir acad emic association. Members of the college community should f eel confid ent that expression of their ideas will be A. .' �.. 2. regarded as strictly an academic matter, to be considered privileged and not to be reported tp those outside the college community. This relationship of trust is indispensable·' to. a college community if it is to serve its proper function in society. 2. The communications system of the college, including the telephone system and the mail system, must remain completely private and messages of college community members are neither to be intercepted, overheard, or in any way monitored without explicit court order; ~urther, i~formation about senders or receivers of messages is considered as privileged information and not to be released. Any information accidentally gained by staff members operating these communications systems is to be considered privileged and not to be reported to others, except in instances where disruptive or criminal activity may be involved; in these cases a report should be made only to one of the deans, vice presidents, or president of the College. 3. Information gained in the cleaning of faculty offices, student rooms, or other college facilities is to be considered privileged, insofar as the faculty member or student is not violating governmental or college regulations. 4. If there are questions regarding whether particular information is privileged, the matter should be discussed with the deans or higher administrative authorj,ties. B. Privileged information and political, social, and criminal matters 1. Privileged information regarding political and social ideas, concerns, and actions of members of the col·lege community is not to be reported to others, either within or without the college community, under penalty of the sanctions discussed below. 20 Privileged information regarding criminal acts or violation of college regulations raise particular dilemmas, since competing demands of duty to the government or college are placed in opposition to the rights of privacy outlined in this document. With regard to reporting criminal action to outside authorities, the college deans should be consulted before action is taken. III. Areas of Privacy Three areas in which privacy is involved require special attention: issues concerning recommendations; concerning special requests for information by news media, police, and other outside sources; and concerning "privacy of person." / A. Recommendations and 1I1 oyalty checks" Two serious problems arise with regard to the giving of recommendations or information for "loyalty checks." 1. First, such recommendations may be us ed in situations other than those for which the recommendation is asked. For instance, a recommendation · sent to the Civil Service Commission may form part of an F.B.I. dossier of the person that may follow him for years. 2. Second, although recommendations do not require the divulging of privileged information, they often require an evaluation of the person that is based �3. on privileged information, e.g. the observation of a student's behavior in the classroom. Although the "specific political and social ideas of the student are certainly privLleged information and not to be divulged, the problems of what to reveal with regard to inferences based on this information are more difficult to resolve. If, on the basis of such inf€rences, the faculty member feels that a particular student , is not suited for the position for which he applied and needs a recommendation, it is best to give a negative recommendation without stating the !reasons. 3. "Loyalty checks" provide more difficulties. The basic assumption of the federal security program is that the Government has the right to, and indeed must, protest itself 'from disloyalty and subversion. "However, ascertaining the loyalty of any individual or the possibility of future acts of subversion by him, is fraught with danger. The relationship between opinion expressed by community members and their deeds is tenuous for two reasons. First, the spoken or written word or the studying of certain materials is far removed from actions. To act requires more than intellectual assent. Often we may not know what we believe until we are challenged to act upon our beliefs. Second, few "people reveal to others their deepest thoughts and feelings; and even when they do, opinions which are voiced are easily misinterpreted. ~, " I i If there is doubt expressed about the loyaLty of one member of the college comnlunity by another, or about his safety as a security risk because of his thoughts, opinions, or beliefs, as distinct from his character or stability of personality, a full statement of the charge should be given in writing to the investigating authorities, a copy of which should also be given to the person being investigated. B. Other requests for info~lation by outside agencies Members of the college community are requested often for information, especially from news media and police, but also from research agencies a~d other interested parties. 1. Police and F.B.I. officials have, on occasion, requested general information about college community members that concern no specific acts of the person involved but which are concerned with building up a dossier for unknown purposes. On no account is privileged information nor inferences from privileged information or second or third hand information to be divulged . If such sources are persistent, they should be referred to one of the college deans. 2. News media have often requested information regarding famous or infamous members of the college community. Again, privileg ed information or inferences from privileged information should not be divulged. In order to respect the rights of privacy of the individual under examination most thoroughly, it is advised to check with the person in question before supplying information. If information is solicited concerning particular groups or organizations on campus, the same principles hold. In cases of doubt, one of the college deans should be consulted. / 3 • . Various outside organizations and research groups constantly apply to particular college community members for particular j..nf<;>rmation. In many cases �4. this involves somernatter of public knowledge about the college and no difficulty is involved. Again, neither privileged information nor inferences from privileged information should be divulged. Difficult questions should be referred to one of the college·:deatls., I I C. Privacy of person College community members have a right to conduct their normal college business as well as their social life without fear that their privacy is being invaded. Several areas of especial concern, including privacy of faculty offices and student rooms, are briefly discussed below. 1. Faculty members perform a larger role in relation to their students than that of academic mentors. They are frequently called upon to advise students on matters of a personal nature, including "family problems, II social interrelationships with their peers, as well as the development of a philosophy for the conduct of life. Such private discussions between faculty and students are to be regarded as falling within the realm of strictest confidentiality (insofar as the substance of such discussions are concerned), though there may conceivably be occasions on which faculty members--in evaluating with their colleagues the academic performance of a student--may find it constructive to indicate the presence (though not the sUbstance) of. personal difficulties faced by that student. 2. As a general rule, the rooms of students are to be regarded as the private domain of their occupants and, thus, protected by the normal canons of privacy. It is to be understood, however, that the College reserves the right to make inspections of student premises when there is reasonable grounds for suspecting violations therein of governmental or College regulations. [- 3. It is expected, of course, that individuals will conduct their private affairs in a private manner, and with all due respect for the privacy of others. 4. It is expected that from time to time persons or organizations from within or without the College may wish to conduct surveys or to distribute questionnaires for academic research purposes, ' or for political, commercial, or other objectives. In these instances, the following principles should apply. a. Any outside person or organization wishing to circulate a questionnaire or survey among students or faculty members must obtain prior permission from the Dean of Men or the Dean of Women. b. Questionnaires or surveys regarding student or faculty oplnlons or tastes--whether circulated by persons from within or without the College--should clearly indicate the purpose for which such a canVaS is being made. If the survey or qUestionnaire originates from within the College, the person or organization circulating it should be alert to ethical considerations involving the privacy and integrity of respondents; in cases of doubt, Department Chairman or the Research Ethics Committee should be consulted. Co Only bona fide students may .collect information for commercial purposes. When approached for such information, the person being canvassed may request p~oof of identification from the individual making the enquiry. d. It is to be understood, of course, that anyone sol,icited for information by surveyor questionnaire reserves the right not to respond. �5. -/ ' IV. SanctiQns .' I The College reserves the right to remove from its midst those individuals violating the rights of privacy contained in this document and, if the occasion warrants, to sue for damages. ! �CONFIDENTIALITY OF RECORDS The following principles are applicable to handling any requests for informatiop . about students or former students, faculty members, or members of ~h; college staff and administration by any member of the college community. These principles are intended to protect the individual's right to privacy and the confidentiality of his records throughout the institution. All College personnel in charge of such records must sign a written document indicating their understanding' of these principles. )~ I. Student Records The following major types of student records are officially maintained by the College: academic records and certain personal r e cords by the Registrar's Office; financial records by the Office of Financial Aid; records on disciplinary and other actions by the Office of the ,Deans; medical records by the Colle g e physician; certain high school records and recommendations by the Admissions Office; reco mmenda tions by the Job Placement Office; and particular information about academic performance of former students and their current addresses and activities in the Alumni Office. These records contain privileged informa tion and the contents are to be disclosed only in the situations described below. Further, release of lists of students in raci a l, reli g ious, or social ' ? categories based on student records is forbidden. ~ A. Disclosure to Students 1. A student is entitled to an official trans cript of his own academic record, subj ec t only·to the conditions listed below under ~lithholding Informa tion (s e ction G). It i s Coll ege policy th a t other materials in student files are confide n tial. No student is permitted to see the transcri p t or academic re60td of an ot he r student without written permission by the person whose transcript is involved. A student has the right to inspect his academic record (from which transcripts ar~ made) and is entitled to an expl a nat ion of any information recorded on it. When the ori ginal is shown, examination is p e rmitted only under conditions which will prevent its~teration or mutilation. Students who wish to request copie s of their transcript must do so in writing. Telephoned requests fro m gradu a ted students will be honored only at the discretion of the Registrar. ,I 20 Documents submitted by or for the student in support of his application for admission to Swarthmore are not returned to the student, nor sent elsewhere at his reque s t. In exce p tional c ase s, however, where another transcript is unobt a inab le, or can b e secured only with th e greatest difficulty, copies may be prepare d and released upon the written request of the stude n t. �-~- 30 The fin ancial records held by the Advisor of Finan cial Aid, the r e cords 9n d, sciplin a ry a nd other actions held by the Offic e of the i Deans; and th e medical records held by the Colle ge phys~cian are to be disclosed neither to the student himself nor any other student. 40 Iitformation in alumni files concerning current address or dealin g with matters submitted by the alumni for publication in the Alumni Bulletin i5 _ public information and c a n be obt a ined by students. ' I Other information in is completely confidentialo Bo Disclosure to Faculty and Administrative 10 Faculty and administrative officers of the College who have a legitimate interest in the materials of fil~6 on students and who demonstrate a need to know are permitted to look over the acade mic record of any student. The contents of the official academic r e cord of a stud en t are not sent outside the Office of the Registrar e x cept in circumst ances specifically authorized by the Registrar. Normally a permanent record never leaves the Office of the Registrar since copies can readily be made. 2. Non-academic records of students are not disclosed to faculty members except under extraordinary circums tanc e s in which the need for such records in order academically to aid the student can be clearly demonstrated. 3. Non-academic records of students are not disclo sed to administra tive officers excep t as they pursue their assigned duti~s. C. Di s clo s ure to Parents, Education al Institutions, and Other Agencies 1. Grade reports are routinely released to parents or guardians without prior approval from the st udent unle ss the student is over 21 or , married and requests that his reports be withhe ld. Requests from other ins t itutions of learning for transcripts or other academic information must be accompanied by a written release from the studento 2. The Office of Financial Aid routinely reports the a cade mic prog ress of students su pp orted by public of private agencies providing schol a rship assistance to students unless specifically requested not to do so by the student. 3. The materials in a student!s placement file (should one exist) is releas ed to prospective employers for the purpose of placement only when the student requests such release or when it is clear that the prospective employer's request is the result of an application for employme nt by the student. � -/ To: Ning Robinson, Hark Breihart, Dave Smith, Lew Cook, and Robert Cross From: Fr ed Pryor and Jerry Wood Enclosed, you ''lill find a draft of the statements on pr ivacy. He ''lOuld appreciate your comments, not only on formulations but also on completeness • - . �PRIVACY OF MEMBERS OF THE COLLEDE COMMUNITY Members of the college community, primarily faculty and staff members, are frequently 'a'sk;d for information about other members of the college community. On the one hand such requests may concern recommendations of students for graduate school or employment or information for a daily newspaper regarding awards granted to outstanding faculty members or students; on the other hand such requests may concern political opinions of community members or information concerning criminal activities. It is often difficult to determine which information is private or confidential and should not b~ released ' in order to protect the privacy of members of the college community and which may be publicly r eleased. The principles presented in this statement deal with general issues and those presented in the following statement concern specific problems of the confid entiality of academic, financial, and other records. I. Verification of reguest In all cases the credentials of the person reques ting information should be closely checked. All police officials, F.B.I. agents, and newspapermen have identification cards with photographs; if there is any doubt as to the authenticity , of such identification cards, the home office of the person requesting information should be called to see if such requests were authorized. Authenticity of requests for information by mail are more difficult to check, but if they regard particular members of the college community, these members should be called to verify the legitimacy of the request. F.B.Io agents or members of other investigation agencies checking the loyalty of applicants for f ederal jobs should be asked to show the release signed by the person under investigation giving' permission for such an enquiry. II. Privileged information In the course of fulfilling college duties both faculty members and staff learn much about other members of the college community which must be cons id ered privileged information; this information is not to be released to those r equesti ng such information from either inside or outside the college community. 1. Such privileged information especially concerns ideas expressed by students in writing and class participation. One of the aims of a college education is to question and shake opinions and beliefs pre';'iously arrived at and to form opinions that have been tested by the individual himself. The student is exposed to new ideas put forth by faculty members, by other students, or in r eading . During his college years he is asked to look with an open mind at different theories and philosophies and is also encouraged to tryout ideas in experience. Many students go through a series of divergent yet passionately held philosophical convictions while at college. They may defend each strongly, this being one way of t esting them. The espousal by some students in discussion or papers of ideas considered subversive outside the campus, must therefore be recognized as a normal activity in a college . It follows from this that there must exist a special relationship of trust among students and faculty in th eir acad emic association. Members of the college community should f eel confid ent that expression of their ideas will be A. .' �.. 2. regarded as strictly an academic matter, to be considered privileged and not to be reported tp those outside the college community. This relationship of trust is indispensable·' to. a college community if it is to serve its proper function in society. 2. The communications system of the college, including the telephone system and the mail system, must remain completely private and messages of college community members are neither to be intercepted, overheard, or in any way monitored without explicit court order; ~urther, i~formation about senders or receivers of messages is considered as privileged information and not to be released. Any information accidentally gained by staff members operating these communications systems is to be considered privileged and not to be reported to others, except in instances where disruptive or criminal activity may be involved; in these cases a report should be made only to one of the deans, vice presidents, or president of the College. 3. Information gained in the cleaning of faculty offices, student rooms, or other college facilities is to be considered privileged, insofar as the faculty member or student is not violating governmental or college regulations. 4. If there are questions regarding whether particular information is privileged, the matter should be discussed with the deans or higher administrative authorj,ties. B. Privileged information and political, social, and criminal matters 1. Privileged information regarding political and social ideas, concerns, and actions of members of the col·lege community is not to be reported to others, either within or without the college community, under penalty of the sanctions discussed below. 20 Privileged information regarding criminal acts or violation of college regulations raise particular dilemmas, since competing demands of duty to the government or college are placed in opposition to the rights of privacy outlined in this document. With regard to reporting criminal action to outside authorities, the college deans should be consulted before action is taken. III. Areas of Privacy Three areas in which privacy is involved require special attention: issues concerning recommendations; concerning special requests for information by news media, police, and other outside sources; and concerning "privacy of person." / A. Recommendations and 1I1 oyalty checks" Two serious problems arise with regard to the giving of recommendations or information for "loyalty checks." 1. First, such recommendations may be us ed in situations other than those for which the recommendation is asked. For instance, a recommendation · sent to the Civil Service Commission may form part of an F.B.I. dossier of the person that may follow him for years. 2. Second, although recommendations do not require the divulging of privileged information, they often require an evaluation of the person that is based �3. on privileged information, e.g. the observation of a student's behavior in the classroom. Although the "specific political and social ideas of the student are certainly privLleged information and not to be divulged, the problems of what to reveal with regard to inferences based on this information are more difficult to resolve. If, on the basis of such inf€rences, the faculty member feels that a particular student , is not suited for the position for which he applied and needs a recommendation, it is best to give a negative recommendation without stating the !reasons. 3. "Loyalty checks" provide more difficulties. The basic assumption of the federal security program is that the Government has the right to, and indeed must, protest itself 'from disloyalty and subversion. "However, ascertaining the loyalty of any individual or the possibility of future acts of subversion by him, is fraught with danger. The relationship between opinion expressed by community members and their deeds is tenuous for two reasons. First, the spoken or written word or the studying of certain materials is far removed from actions. To act requires more than intellectual assent. Often we may not know what we believe until we are challenged to act upon our beliefs. Second, few "people reveal to others their deepest thoughts and feelings; and even when they do, opinions which are voiced are easily misinterpreted. ~, " I i If there is doubt expressed about the loyaLty of one member of the college comnlunity by another, or about his safety as a security risk because of his thoughts, opinions, or beliefs, as distinct from his character or stability of personality, a full statement of the charge should be given in writing to the investigating authorities, a copy of which should also be given to the person being investigated. B. Other requests for info~lation by outside agencies Members of the college community are requested often for information, especially from news media and police, but also from research agencies a~d other interested parties. 1. Police and F.B.I. officials have, on occasion, requested general information about college community members that concern no specific acts of the person involved but which are concerned with building up a dossier for unknown purposes. On no account is privileged information nor inferences from privileged information or second or third hand information to be divulged . If such sources are persistent, they should be referred to one of the college deans. 2. News media have often requested information regarding famous or infamous members of the college community. Again, privileg ed information or inferences from privileged information should not be divulged. In order to respect the rights of privacy of the individual under examination most thoroughly, it is advised to check with the person in question before supplying information. If information is solicited concerning particular groups or organizations on campus, the same principles hold. In cases of doubt, one of the college deans should be consulted. / 3 • . Various outside organizations and research groups constantly apply to particular college community members for particular j..nf<;>rmation. In many cases �4. this involves somernatter of public knowledge about the college and no difficulty is involved. Again, neither privileged information nor inferences from privileged information should be divulged. Difficult questions should be referred to one of the college·:deatls., I I C. Privacy of person College community members have a right to conduct their normal college business as well as their social life without fear that their privacy is being invaded. Several areas of especial concern, including privacy of faculty offices and student rooms, are briefly discussed below. 1. Faculty members perform a larger role in relation to their students than that of academic mentors. They are frequently called upon to advise students on matters of a personal nature, including "family problems, II social interrelationships with their peers, as well as the development of a philosophy for the conduct of life. Such private discussions between faculty and students are to be regarded as falling within the realm of strictest confidentiality (insofar as the substance of such discussions are concerned), though there may conceivably be occasions on which faculty members--in evaluating with their colleagues the academic performance of a student--may find it constructive to indicate the presence (though not the sUbstance) of. personal difficulties faced by that student. 2. As a general rule, the rooms of students are to be regarded as the private domain of their occupants and, thus, protected by the normal canons of privacy. It is to be understood, however, that the College reserves the right to make inspections of student premises when there is reasonable grounds for suspecting violations therein of governmental or College regulations. [- 3. It is expected, of course, that individuals will conduct their private affairs in a private manner, and with all due respect for the privacy of others. 4. It is expected that from time to time persons or organizations from within or without the College may wish to conduct surveys or to distribute questionnaires for academic research purposes, ' or for political, commercial, or other objectives. In these instances, the following principles should apply. a. Any outside person or organization wishing to circulate a questionnaire or survey among students or faculty members must obtain prior permission from the Dean of Men or the Dean of Women. b. Questionnaires or surveys regarding student or faculty oplnlons or tastes--whether circulated by persons from within or without the College--should clearly indicate the purpose for which such a canVaS is being made. If the survey or qUestionnaire originates from within the College, the person or organization circulating it should be alert to ethical considerations involving the privacy and integrity of respondents; in cases of doubt, Department Chairman or the Research Ethics Committee should be consulted. Co Only bona fide students may .collect information for commercial purposes. When approached for such information, the person being canvassed may request p~oof of identification from the individual making the enquiry. d. It is to be understood, of course, that anyone sol,icited for information by surveyor questionnaire reserves the right not to respond. �5. -/ ' IV. SanctiQns .' I The College reserves the right to remove from its midst those individuals violating the rights of privacy contained in this document and, if the occasion warrants, to sue for damages. ! �CONFIDENTIALITY OF RECORDS The following principles are applicable to handling any requests for informatiop . about students or former students, faculty members, or members of ~h; college staff and administration by any member of the college community. These principles are intended to protect the individual's right to privacy and the confidentiality of his records throughout the institution. All College personnel in charge of such records must sign a written document indicating their understanding' of these principles. )~ I. Student Records The following major types of student records are officially maintained by the College: academic records and certain personal r e cords by the Registrar's Office; financial records by the Office of Financial Aid; records on disciplinary and other actions by the Office of the ,Deans; medical records by the Colle g e physician; certain high school records and recommendations by the Admissions Office; reco mmenda tions by the Job Placement Office; and particular information about academic performance of former students and their current addresses and activities in the Alumni Office. These records contain privileged informa tion and the contents are to be disclosed only in the situations described below. Further, release of lists of students in raci a l, reli g ious, or social ' ? categories based on student records is forbidden. ~ A. Disclosure to Students 1. A student is entitled to an official trans cript of his own academic record, subj ec t only·to the conditions listed below under ~lithholding Informa tion (s e ction G). It i s Coll ege policy th a t other materials in student files are confide n tial. No student is permitted to see the transcri p t or academic re60td of an ot he r student without written permission by the person whose transcript is involved. A student has the right to inspect his academic record (from which transcripts ar~ made) and is entitled to an expl a nat ion of any information recorded on it. When the ori ginal is shown, examination is p e rmitted only under conditions which will prevent its~teration or mutilation. Students who wish to request copie s of their transcript must do so in writing. Telephoned requests fro m gradu a ted students will be honored only at the discretion of the Registrar. ,I 20 Documents submitted by or for the student in support of his application for admission to Swarthmore are not returned to the student, nor sent elsewhere at his reque s t. In exce p tional c ase s, however, where another transcript is unobt a inab le, or can b e secured only with th e greatest difficulty, copies may be prepare d and released upon the written request of the stude n t. �-~- 30 The fin ancial records held by the Advisor of Finan cial Aid, the r e cords 9n d, sciplin a ry a nd other actions held by the Offic e of the i Deans; and th e medical records held by the Colle ge phys~cian are to be disclosed neither to the student himself nor any other student. 40 Iitformation in alumni files concerning current address or dealin g with matters submitted by the alumni for publication in the Alumni Bulletin i5 _ public information and c a n be obt a ined by students. ' I Other information in is completely confidentialo Bo Disclosure to Faculty and Administrative 10 Faculty and administrative officers of the College who have a legitimate interest in the materials of fil~6 on students and who demonstrate a need to know are permitted to look over the acade mic record of any student. The contents of the official academic r e cord of a stud en t are not sent outside the Office of the Registrar e x cept in circumst ances specifically authorized by the Registrar. Normally a permanent record never leaves the Office of the Registrar since copies can readily be made. 2. Non-academic records of students are not disclosed to faculty members except under extraordinary circums tanc e s in which the need for such records in order academically to aid the student can be clearly demonstrated. 3. Non-academic records of students are not disclo sed to administra tive officers excep t as they pursue their assigned duti~s. C. Di s clo s ure to Parents, Education al Institutions, and Other Agencies 1. Grade reports are routinely released to parents or guardians without prior approval from the st udent unle ss the student is over 21 or , married and requests that his reports be withhe ld. Requests from other ins t itutions of learning for transcripts or other academic information must be accompanied by a written release from the studento 2. The Office of Financial Aid routinely reports the a cade mic prog ress of students su pp orted by public of private agencies providing schol a rship assistance to students unless specifically requested not to do so by the student. 3. The materials in a student!s placement file (should one exist) is releas ed to prospective employers for the purpose of placement only when the student requests such release or when it is clear that the prospective employer's request is the result of an application for employme nt by the student. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Privacy of Members of the College Community [draft] Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frederic Pryor Jerome Wood Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [1971] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Faculty FBI http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/921591fd7cac4a540dfd86a28ba613dd.pdf 1790e55c942ff050fc785156fca0a452 PDF Text Text From: Subcommittee on Procedures Inves~igation Subject: of the FBI Affair Recommendations: 1) That 'th;~e 'be a) one and possibly two meetings with each of the most Feiy; Pierso1; -Webb implicated individuals: the first meeting should be informal, off the record, and without any subsequent consequences for the individualsp b) if a second meeting--a hearing--is thought desirable, it should be de ~; it should not involve use of any information gathered in the first meeting; and it should be conducted by different individuals from those participating the the first discussion. Discussion: The major difficulty at present is the absence of relevant or competent evidence of wrongdoing specifically related to the FBI activities. Such evidence as we have presently is "hearsay." The fact that the evidence is in the form of dacam,epts does not change its character os "hearsay. II The FBI says t' e selE' Cl1 c.<f n ~ f1..(,U~ (withAscrawled commen~) that individuals were "sources", or made par.ticular information available. direct testimony. There is not (and since the FBI will not cooperate) cannot be any The FBI mandate to local agents to send in lists of sources (see Phoenix, April 23) suggests al!.sb that the term "source lt might have been int.rpreted broadly and loosely. The facts in this case, so far as they are known, are disconFUrthermore, nected and without context, subject to a variety of interpretati on. there seem to be little specific evidence of wrongdoing. Vlebb' s acts--at least s as reported in the Phoenix--would seem to be within her rights as a concerned citizen. The possible exception is her handling of transcripts, but so far nothing qppears to indicate any serious abuse of discretion or improper disclosure. Feiy's case ma, �be more serious. But so far as information gotten from the FB! goes, the wrongful act is not specified in the documents and is not even known--if, indeed, there is such an act. to the Dth~r complaints about eavesdropping are irrelevant and not material pres~ntSituation. ... W ith respect to Piersol, there seems to be no evidence ". There is not even an allegation - ", other than a description of him as a "source." of any act. A second major parties implicated. dif fi~~t.Y ~', is that of providing due process protections to the Absent FBI cooperation or a right to compulsory process, there is no way for these parties to cross-examine FBI agents and therefore no way for them to establish the truth with respect to the documents. innocence--in fact, they are foreclosed from doing so. They cannot prove their Under these circumstances, a hearing would lack in some measure either fairness or conclusivenesso At present, more extensive and accurate information would seem to be the most important need. Yet it would also seem unfair to ask the involved parties to disclose their activities fully and candidly where 1) they have no right to subpena or croseeexamine; and 2) where such disclosure might be the ground for censure, disciplinary action, transfer, or dismissal. W ith the above considerations in mind, we propose, therefore, a two-step procedure with thefirst step to be an informal, off-the-record discussion, as a preliminary to which the parties are to be told explicitly that them would result from this particular discussion. ~ consequences to reco~~end This group could further action but with that would cease to exist and would be bound not to make its information available as evidence in any second proceeding. As to procedure in the first discussion, we believe that it should be kept as informal as possible. Notes pertinent to future recommendations could be taken, The committee should functi9n as but no transcript or "minutes" "muld be kept. a group, without a chairman functioning as a "prosecutor" or "interrogator" in �any fashion. The individuals concerned could have counsel, but should not be encouraged to so so, inasmuch as no record will be kept or used and informality is essehtial. ' The" group should probably have a number of .:- que~tions prepared At in advance, :tmt not as part of a set agenda or specification of "CSharges". the first stage of" proceedings, emphasis should be upon 1) giving individuals an opportunity to explain and/or deny the implications of the FBI documents; 2) give their views as to what they would regard as permissible and impermissible disclosure to or cooperation ';hh the FIiI as college errrployee~llJ) what, if' ayVth1ng, the College should do to specify or in any way restrict or discretion. exp~nd the scope of theF 3) what formal regulations and informal understandings they see as controlling their activities in these matters; � From: Subcommittee on Procedures Inves~igation Subject: of the FBI Affair Recommendations: 1) That 'th;~e 'be a) one and possibly two meetings with each of the most Feiy; Pierso1; -Webb implicated individuals: the first meeting should be informal, off the record, and without any subsequent consequences for the individualsp b) if a second meeting--a hearing--is thought desirable, it should be de ~; it should not involve use of any information gathered in the first meeting; and it should be conducted by different individuals from those participating the the first discussion. Discussion: The major difficulty at present is the absence of relevant or competent evidence of wrongdoing specifically related to the FBI activities. Such evidence as we have presently is "hearsay." The fact that the evidence is in the form of dacam,epts does not change its character os "hearsay. II The FBI says t' e selE' Cl1 c.<f n ~ f1..(,U~ (withAscrawled commen~) that individuals were "sources", or made par.ticular information available. direct testimony. There is not (and since the FBI will not cooperate) cannot be any The FBI mandate to local agents to send in lists of sources (see Phoenix, April 23) suggests al!.sb that the term "source lt might have been int.rpreted broadly and loosely. The facts in this case, so far as they are known, are disconFUrthermore, nected and without context, subject to a variety of interpretati on. there seem to be little specific evidence of wrongdoing. Vlebb' s acts--at least s as reported in the Phoenix--would seem to be within her rights as a concerned citizen. The possible exception is her handling of transcripts, but so far nothing qppears to indicate any serious abuse of discretion or improper disclosure. Feiy's case ma, �be more serious. But so far as information gotten from the FB! goes, the wrongful act is not specified in the documents and is not even known--if, indeed, there is such an act. to the Dth~r complaints about eavesdropping are irrelevant and not material pres~ntSituation. ... W ith respect to Piersol, there seems to be no evidence ". There is not even an allegation - ", other than a description of him as a "source." of any act. A second major parties implicated. dif fi~~t.Y ~', is that of providing due process protections to the Absent FBI cooperation or a right to compulsory process, there is no way for these parties to cross-examine FBI agents and therefore no way for them to establish the truth with respect to the documents. innocence--in fact, they are foreclosed from doing so. They cannot prove their Under these circumstances, a hearing would lack in some measure either fairness or conclusivenesso At present, more extensive and accurate information would seem to be the most important need. Yet it would also seem unfair to ask the involved parties to disclose their activities fully and candidly where 1) they have no right to subpena or croseeexamine; and 2) where such disclosure might be the ground for censure, disciplinary action, transfer, or dismissal. W ith the above considerations in mind, we propose, therefore, a two-step procedure with thefirst step to be an informal, off-the-record discussion, as a preliminary to which the parties are to be told explicitly that them would result from this particular discussion. ~ consequences to reco~~end This group could further action but with that would cease to exist and would be bound not to make its information available as evidence in any second proceeding. As to procedure in the first discussion, we believe that it should be kept as informal as possible. Notes pertinent to future recommendations could be taken, The committee should functi9n as but no transcript or "minutes" "muld be kept. a group, without a chairman functioning as a "prosecutor" or "interrogator" in �any fashion. The individuals concerned could have counsel, but should not be encouraged to so so, inasmuch as no record will be kept or used and informality is essehtial. ' The" group should probably have a number of .:- que~tions prepared At in advance, :tmt not as part of a set agenda or specification of "CSharges". the first stage of" proceedings, emphasis should be upon 1) giving individuals an opportunity to explain and/or deny the implications of the FBI documents; 2) give their views as to what they would regard as permissible and impermissible disclosure to or cooperation ';hh the FIiI as college errrployee~llJ) what, if' ayVth1ng, the College should do to specify or in any way restrict or discretion. exp~nd the scope of theF 3) what formal regulations and informal understandings they see as controlling their activities in these matters; � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Investigation of the FBI Affair Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Subcommittee on Procedures Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [1971] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF FBI http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/aeed68c707e6a47c1bc049a4f976dbb3.pdf 44fa88d88dabdc6e00a79e2b456d4612 PDF Text Text Swarthmore College Curriculum Offerings in Black Studies Economics Social Economics course (Marcus Alexis): the economics of race g discrimination and poverty; comparative educational~ housingg and health patterns 9 consum tion patterns in center city areas g programs for dealing with urban povertyo Dro Alexis g a nationally known Negro economist 9 is Professor of Economics School of Business Administration 9 University of Rochestero j Labor course (Frank Pierson): sections of course deal with employment and unemployment in urban centerse movement of labor from rural to urban areaS g discrimination in hiring and promotion policies g black worker career patterns g private and public manpower development programso Labor and Social Economics seminar (Frank Pierson and Frederic Pryor)g several weeks on the foregoing topicso African History course and seminar (Harrison Wright): American History courses and seminars (Robert Bannister and James Field): The general courses in American history and the American history seminar deal with selected issues in this areao Colloquium on special area (Harrison Wright): eogo on South Africa_ Political Science Politics of Urban Ghetto course (Paul Lutzker and Alvin Echols): According to Mro Lutzker, "The course is conceived of as a confrontation of the general concepts and theoretical approaches of the discipline with the . concerns of people involved in community organizationo In what ways can confrontation with concrete problems clarify the ambiguities of the discipline's formulations of general principles? In what ways can the work of academics aid community action organizations in understanding the nature of the decision-making process they are trying to influence or alter?" Mro Echols s an active leader in the Philadelphia Black Communityg is head of the North City Congresso Politics of Africa course (Raymond Hopkins) Other courses and seminars 9 such as Political Development, Political Sociolosyv and Politics and Legislation~ bear on this general areao g last year's colloquium �~ 2 = Psychology . A number of courses~ including Psychology of Attitudes, Social Psychology of Social Issues~ and Problems in Urban Education~ bear on this general areao g>ciologz and Anthropology ~\ Courses: Societies and Cultures of Africa (Asmarom Legesse) Race and Ethnic Relations in the UoSo (Jon Van Til) Social Change (Robert Mitchell)g in studying theories and case studies of social change, special attention is given in this course to the modernization process in Africa. Cities and Society (Jon Van Til) Seminars: Race and Culture (Jon Van Til) Urban Sociology (Jon Van Til) ". � Swarthmore College Curriculum Offerings in Black Studies Economics Social Economics course (Marcus Alexis): the economics of race g discrimination and poverty; comparative educational~ housingg and health patterns 9 consum tion patterns in center city areas g programs for dealing with urban povertyo Dro Alexis g a nationally known Negro economist 9 is Professor of Economics School of Business Administration 9 University of Rochestero j Labor course (Frank Pierson): sections of course deal with employment and unemployment in urban centerse movement of labor from rural to urban areaS g discrimination in hiring and promotion policies g black worker career patterns g private and public manpower development programso Labor and Social Economics seminar (Frank Pierson and Frederic Pryor)g several weeks on the foregoing topicso African History course and seminar (Harrison Wright): American History courses and seminars (Robert Bannister and James Field): The general courses in American history and the American history seminar deal with selected issues in this areao Colloquium on special area (Harrison Wright): eogo on South Africa_ Political Science Politics of Urban Ghetto course (Paul Lutzker and Alvin Echols): According to Mro Lutzker, "The course is conceived of as a confrontation of the general concepts and theoretical approaches of the discipline with the . concerns of people involved in community organizationo In what ways can confrontation with concrete problems clarify the ambiguities of the discipline's formulations of general principles? In what ways can the work of academics aid community action organizations in understanding the nature of the decision-making process they are trying to influence or alter?" Mro Echols s an active leader in the Philadelphia Black Communityg is head of the North City Congresso Politics of Africa course (Raymond Hopkins) Other courses and seminars 9 such as Political Development, Political Sociolosyv and Politics and Legislation~ bear on this general areao g last year's colloquium �~ 2 = Psychology . A number of courses~ including Psychology of Attitudes, Social Psychology of Social Issues~ and Problems in Urban Education~ bear on this general areao g>ciologz and Anthropology ~\ Courses: Societies and Cultures of Africa (Asmarom Legesse) Race and Ethnic Relations in the UoSo (Jon Van Til) Social Change (Robert Mitchell)g in studying theories and case studies of social change, special attention is given in this course to the modernization process in Africa. Cities and Society (Jon Van Til) Seminars: Race and Culture (Jon Van Til) Urban Sociology (Jon Van Til) ". � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Curriculum Offerings in Black Studies 1968-1969 Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Curriculum Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [none] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [n.d.] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Black Studies http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/b86d8776f51880f23835e777cc03f91e.pdf f139e25467a4e6087976f2adf61d6245 PDF Text Text EirL~}Jjil[{ },}~l ai' )):l. £; (:1}.rj[~:t.. ()1;. c:1 {)0 1 1t (:l J.. tS~:Cilr:~ t :t\TGS }': (}~>? 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' ,1: '_ 1 _ .. t... ":1 Ci" _ _ C' · 1:-.1i·11·t ·, 1·1··· ·~/- :/ J _ _ ":- _ " _"'-'. _ _ V\.. .. ~):"Yl"'\ "~·~ ~l "':': -\T ~,.:._J i.~ ........ \,. ... ..L.. \". • • --.-(.J. "I~ ~ -' ", -1 ~~ '1 •• v ....... u "( ') ...,..,..,.:.._ ~ .. ,-.: lJU c· .• :" "! .:") t,J • .l,~ ,' !=IO\ ,·G:"~ S-GI'l.lC·G1J~ :,_"'J;~~ Af:r:lC8n =~ot;J })hys~_ cs J\:(t:clC QiJ. I· :1. 1. sj.col.()L:Y- ~ ll:L'J."~o,;..;of~lnG ~e:l CDt-n. ! ;>"u.S:L(.;olCI[;:7 3dueCj D �~:'.; ~C;-:': C.:;~ ,t :;. .(1.:20 1. J:~i~ .~:.") 1. C'l)::.'1 j~:l~ '~j }~1r):l ~:!.:~J. .il.fj.~:t (':c-Ltl .t~~et: j1J:~~ ::.. (: ~J'£1 }~5.·t c :rG t"~l\"G f1J~: l~ c' 'H'~/lLlt;) ;!~,,;:1.. )~[~ J~J. I~ i '"i~ (; ;~: a 't: 7.-~~:: C:: .ilf~I! J.(;811 I}[1r: f; ~)8 t~:(::::.: ~ 2~(;2 ~~ ·1 :L~L~7. ? l;)~~{ ~::~.1" ~:11~_ [~!3 1) l--=C' ~~ ~~: C),.'I'_~. [~';~11.6_ ·:~~.·;. t t:~') I~:( ,-;- i (~ .j !:l s , ~ , � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summary of Discussion about alternatives for a program of Black Studies at Swarthmore Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Studies Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [none] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [n.d.] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Black Studies Faculty http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/7a052e49f7aa9a427b160b8e55f09979.jpg aaa08423864d23a634ccf217c3bb914a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hang-Ups of a Black Student Description An account of the resource Box 08, Negro Question Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carl Rowan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Philadelphia Bulletin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01/23/1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/8182be047101bfea93023389b35d0317.jpg 6864b8285494ab1bd83da90c919dc8c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black is Beautiful - and Belligerent Description An account of the resource Box 08, Negro Question Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [none] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Time Magazine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01/24/1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/386faaa6449f40cc2b03a7da7ba5eff9.jpg 2e74551e84d2d396d7f27e0f5872bbe9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Initial Report Re: Student Protest at Swarthmore College Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Swarthmore Police Department William Weidner Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 01/27/1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG 1969 sit-in FBI President's Office http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/1aea97e81ee8f4066586202194ab29df.pdf 88302954ed04588065d667be5840bd27 PDF Text Text SVTAR'rHMORE COLLEGE Swarthmore, Pennsylvania February 8, 1972 To: Charles E. Gilbert / cc: Robert D. Cross ,.;. Edward K. Cratsley Cl~ment Cottingham Joseph B. Shane Kendall Landis On Thursday, February 3, 1972 Clem Cott i ngham and I met with John Wideman, the director of the Afro -American Study group at Penn. Wideman is also an P,ssociate Professor of English Literature at penn . The purpose of the meeting ..ras to discus's lihe poss i bilities of exchange' programs between Swarthmore and the University of Pennsylvania on the one hand , and the University of the west Indies and the three universities of East Africa on the other. Clem outlined vThat had already transpired between the University of the West Indies and Swarthmore . Starting in September there will be an exchange program of between three and four Swarth.lllore students and an equal number of students from the University of the West Indies. The costs involved seem to be minimal. It appears to be an outright even exchange. There are , of course, incidental expenses such as trans portation and student out-ofpocket expenses. Even the transportation seems to be possible. Air Jamaica is interested in he+ping with the expenses. In regard to the Universities of East Africa, there is a different story. First , our students (both those from Swarthmore and Penn) will suffer from a cultural dislocation. They will not be familiar with the food, the habits, or the living conditions of the East Afric ans . Consequently, we may have to subsidize them to make their daily living more comfortable :;'01 klrem . For the students coming from East Africa t here are two problems: 1) culture and 2) a different educational background . Like our students going to Africa, the students coming from Africa will require som amenities to make their e lives more pleasant . It is doubtful whether they will be able to work at part time jobs because of visa problems and cultural backgrounds . In addition, because the University of East Africa is modelled on the British System of three university years, the students coming from East Africa will most likely have to be graduate students. This is where Penn comes into the pi cture. We send the undergraduates, and Penn takes the graduate students. To start the figures are : 3 undergraduates from both Swarthmore and Penn fo r two graduate students from East Africa. If all three East Afri can univers ities take part, we are talking about nine undergraduates going f rom Penn and Swarthmore and six graduate students coming from East Africa . Now for the costs. For ea ch Ameri can student going to East Africa t here will be the follm'ling costs: $500 for transportation, $500 for personal costs (books and incidentals), and $800-$900 for food costs. Roughly about $2 ,000 per student . For East African students coming to the U.S. the cost will be $500 for transportation and maybe $500 for personal expenses. It is estimated that the full tuition at Penn covers most incidentals. . The logistics are these. We will plan to send 3 undergraduates to the University of the West Indies and.3 undergraduates to the Universities • �~- of East Africa. Penn will send 3 undergraduates to the University of the west Indies and 3 undergraduates to the Universities of East Africa. In turn we will acce~t 3, undergraduates from the Unive~sity of west Indies. Penn will accept 3 undergraduates from the University of the We~t Indies and 2 graduate students from the Universities of East Africa. ~ What kind of support can we receive from the Office of Education? In the guidelines it is quite clear that the main costs which we will encounter-scholarships and travel--are not included. We can cover program costs such as administrative expenses and partial faculty compensation. Roughly we think we can re-coup the following costs. limited to less than $30,000. Administrative Travel for administrative Secretarial $2000 2000 2000 The grants are $6000 10,000 10,000 $26,000 5 partial faculty at Swarthmore 5 partial faculty at Penn There are some problems beyond the costs. The first is - are scholarship students allowed to go to an institution other than the one designated in their scholarship? If a student ha s a scholarship at Swarthmore, can he spend a year at the University of the west Indies and have his scholarship cover the costs of an exchange student from the University of the west Indies? Second, how can such an exchange program be evaluated? When is the evaluation to be undertaken and by whom? Third, can such a program be expanded into our Social Science Research center? At this point this is a 'rhetorical question but may have a basis for later reality. Fourth, can the cooperative arrangements, particularly the financial, be worked out with Penn? On the positive side, if such a program can be worked out, we would be taking a substantial step forward toward better international education and institutional cooperation. �SWARTI£';ORE COLLrnE Sl.:arthmoro, Pennsylvan:i.a February 11 , 1 972 HEHORANDUM To : Charles E. Gilbert cc Robert D. Cross Ech-lard K. Cratsley Clement Cottingham Richard 11. Schrader International Exchange Errata. on my previous memorandurt'l of l?et:ruo.Ij-· 8} 1972 Joseph B. Shane Kendall Landis Gilmore btott From: ,s'-ubject: Clem Cottingham brought to my attention two number of participants for the exchan ge program . 1. erl~rs regarding the In regard to the exchange with the university of the Hest Indies Swarthrr.ore wlll have an even exchange of 3 or 4 students . It may be that Penn 1-Till send 1 or 2 students to the Urliversity of the West Indies as part of our quota, but would receive no students from the Uni versi ty of the I'lest Indies. That is, if everything can be ,vorked out 3 or 4 students from Penn and Swart}1..more VTou~d be exchanged for 3 or 4. students from the Urii versi ty of the 1{est Indies l-lho would be enrolled at Swarthmore. The munbers for the East African Uni versi ties are: 3 under graduates from Swarthmore, 3 undergraduates from Penn in excha.nge for 4 graduate students ,..ho Hould go to Penn. The tiVO East African unive rsities now involve d are the University of l1akerere and the University of Nairobi. 2. < ~' .. ',,, The second problem Clem raised was do lr€ wai ve the room and board fees for Swarthmore students going to the East Africa universities, or do we charge the full amount and use the money to cover their living expenses in East Africa and to h€!lp compensate Penn for the exchange students coming ;from East Africa? If this program looks good in priniple we will move ahead and see if the Office of Education is interested. � SVTAR'rHMORE COLLEGE Swarthmore, Pennsylvania February 8, 1972 To: Charles E. Gilbert / cc: Robert D. Cross ,.;. Edward K. Cratsley Cl~ment Cottingham Joseph B. Shane Kendall Landis On Thursday, February 3, 1972 Clem Cott i ngham and I met with John Wideman, the director of the Afro -American Study group at Penn. Wideman is also an P,ssociate Professor of English Literature at penn . The purpose of the meeting ..ras to discus's lihe poss i bilities of exchange' programs between Swarthmore and the University of Pennsylvania on the one hand , and the University of the west Indies and the three universities of East Africa on the other. Clem outlined vThat had already transpired between the University of the West Indies and Swarthmore . Starting in September there will be an exchange program of between three and four Swarth.lllore students and an equal number of students from the University of the West Indies. The costs involved seem to be minimal. It appears to be an outright even exchange. There are , of course, incidental expenses such as trans portation and student out-ofpocket expenses. Even the transportation seems to be possible. Air Jamaica is interested in he+ping with the expenses. In regard to the Universities of East Africa, there is a different story. First , our students (both those from Swarthmore and Penn) will suffer from a cultural dislocation. They will not be familiar with the food, the habits, or the living conditions of the East Afric ans . Consequently, we may have to subsidize them to make their daily living more comfortable :;'01 klrem . For the students coming from East Africa t here are two problems: 1) culture and 2) a different educational background . Like our students going to Africa, the students coming from Africa will require som amenities to make their e lives more pleasant . It is doubtful whether they will be able to work at part time jobs because of visa problems and cultural backgrounds . In addition, because the University of East Africa is modelled on the British System of three university years, the students coming from East Africa will most likely have to be graduate students. This is where Penn comes into the pi cture. We send the undergraduates, and Penn takes the graduate students. To start the figures are : 3 undergraduates from both Swarthmore and Penn fo r two graduate students from East Africa. If all three East Afri can univers ities take part, we are talking about nine undergraduates going f rom Penn and Swarthmore and six graduate students coming from East Africa . Now for the costs. For ea ch Ameri can student going to East Africa t here will be the follm'ling costs: $500 for transportation, $500 for personal costs (books and incidentals), and $800-$900 for food costs. Roughly about $2 ,000 per student . For East African students coming to the U.S. the cost will be $500 for transportation and maybe $500 for personal expenses. It is estimated that the full tuition at Penn covers most incidentals. . The logistics are these. We will plan to send 3 undergraduates to the University of the West Indies and.3 undergraduates to the Universities • �~- of East Africa. Penn will send 3 undergraduates to the University of the west Indies and 3 undergraduates to the Universities of East Africa. In turn we will acce~t 3, undergraduates from the Unive~sity of west Indies. Penn will accept 3 undergraduates from the University of the We~t Indies and 2 graduate students from the Universities of East Africa. ~ What kind of support can we receive from the Office of Education? In the guidelines it is quite clear that the main costs which we will encounter-scholarships and travel--are not included. We can cover program costs such as administrative expenses and partial faculty compensation. Roughly we think we can re-coup the following costs. limited to less than $30,000. Administrative Travel for administrative Secretarial $2000 2000 2000 The grants are $6000 10,000 10,000 $26,000 5 partial faculty at Swarthmore 5 partial faculty at Penn There are some problems beyond the costs. The first is - are scholarship students allowed to go to an institution other than the one designated in their scholarship? If a student ha s a scholarship at Swarthmore, can he spend a year at the University of the west Indies and have his scholarship cover the costs of an exchange student from the University of the west Indies? Second, how can such an exchange program be evaluated? When is the evaluation to be undertaken and by whom? Third, can such a program be expanded into our Social Science Research center? At this point this is a 'rhetorical question but may have a basis for later reality. Fourth, can the cooperative arrangements, particularly the financial, be worked out with Penn? On the positive side, if such a program can be worked out, we would be taking a substantial step forward toward better international education and institutional cooperation. �SWARTI£';ORE COLLrnE Sl.:arthmoro, Pennsylvan:i.a February 11 , 1 972 HEHORANDUM To : Charles E. Gilbert cc Robert D. Cross Ech-lard K. Cratsley Clement Cottingham Richard 11. Schrader International Exchange Errata. on my previous memorandurt'l of l?et:ruo.Ij-· 8} 1972 Joseph B. Shane Kendall Landis Gilmore btott From: ,s'-ubject: Clem Cottingham brought to my attention two number of participants for the exchan ge program . 1. erl~rs regarding the In regard to the exchange with the university of the Hest Indies Swarthrr.ore wlll have an even exchange of 3 or 4 students . It may be that Penn 1-Till send 1 or 2 students to the Urliversity of the West Indies as part of our quota, but would receive no students from the Uni versi ty of the I'lest Indies. That is, if everything can be ,vorked out 3 or 4 students from Penn and Swart}1..more VTou~d be exchanged for 3 or 4. students from the Urii versi ty of the 1{est Indies l-lho would be enrolled at Swarthmore. The munbers for the East African Uni versi ties are: 3 under graduates from Swarthmore, 3 undergraduates from Penn in excha.nge for 4 graduate students ,..ho Hould go to Penn. The tiVO East African unive rsities now involve d are the University of l1akerere and the University of Nairobi. 2. < ~' .. ',,, The second problem Clem raised was do lr€ wai ve the room and board fees for Swarthmore students going to the East Africa universities, or do we charge the full amount and use the money to cover their living expenses in East Africa and to h€!lp compensate Penn for the exchange students coming ;from East Africa? If this program looks good in priniple we will move ahead and see if the Office of Education is interested. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memo re exchange program Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Studies Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard Schrader Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/08/1972 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Black Studies Faculty President's Office http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/c0c683fd5ae135d66b06c90ca2a04fa1.jpg 8f964f7df9ab8144581a593f2ce05670 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Memo re Black Studies Committee, 28 February 1972] Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Studies Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Cross Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/28/1972 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Black Studies President's Office http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/fe4cd270762f27daf542e23afe65f774.jpg 31aac37b3391c9ff02a2e73f06a7f105 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Memo re Black Studies Committee, 6 March 1972] Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Curriculum Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Cross Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/06/1972 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Black Studies Faculty President's Office SASS http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/ccc52510e52f7397e000d555e20f6ce2.jpg 945e603c5d3ee2579e728c9bdbf2b060 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Memo re Black Studies Committee, 13 March 1972] Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Curriculum Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Paula Skallerup Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/13/1972 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Black Studies President's Office Student Council http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/9703bef0686c0c1ac27701b08f8d691d.jpg 61ebed7ea456ab52e700e59c43375ab0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Letter from Robert Cross to Senator Ervin 03/30/1971] Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Cross Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/30/1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG FBI President's Office http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/8fbf6494624654ddfd3d1c833e9c28d6.jpg cf268a238da2c8b1ed5a32eea3578c61 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Board of Managers statement 04/03/1971] Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Board of Managers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/03/1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Board of Managers FBI http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/d517931d6a24acec4408912a9608c4c6.pdf 78cdc697d6c1d1bf4dbb9bd487e6adc9 PDF Text Text SWARTHMORE COLLEGE SWARTHMORE . PENNSYLVANIA 19081 ,. OF'FlCE OF' THE PRESID E NT (215) KI 4· 7900 7 April 1971 To all members of th e College community: I had assumed that al~ of us recogniz e d what constituted proper relations with those individuals and agencies, public and private, off- campus and on-campus, with whom members of the College comnunity come in contact. I t is unreasonable to assume that there "Jill be ~. contact; the College c annot try to be a s e cret society, and it would be as impossible, as it would be unwise to try, to enforce such an expectation. We cannot presume that members of the commun ity wil l remain on all occasions si lent about the college life they are a part of. The College needs to be in contact with the I10utside world l1 on such diverse matters as the cert ifi cation of student enrollment and achievement, the availability of fire and police protection, the visits of scholars from other institutions, the presenc e of neighbors and friends at social, cultural, educational, and athletic events, etc. But all of us must recognize that at times we have access to information ab out individuals and groups at the Coll ege because we are specially privile ged to be members of the College community. We all have an obl igation to be responsible and discreet about how we communi cat e thi s information. The recent publication of a spate o f documents allege dly stolen from the FBI sug_· gests the possibility tha t some individuals have gone beyond the limit s of reasonable coop eration, by supplying information which is esp ecial ly privileged - private to individuals or the College. For the past week, I have been investigati ~ every allegation that has been published, l phoned in, or shown to me o r my associates that implied that persons in this community - student s, fac ulty, members of the staff - have given out information that was con fidential. I have refrained from acting on the basis of anonymous information, and I have avoided, and will continue to avoid, any use of surreptitious info rman ts, eavesdropping, or any othe r kind of one -sided surveillance. I don't believe that a coll ege can remain a co llege and indulge in such activities. I have not yet found any conclusive evidence that any member cf the College community has been guilty of wrong-doing in this respec t . �Yet I feel -obliged to make perfectly clear to all members of this community that they-must exercise intelligent restraint in divulging information, except that required by law or by college policy arid practice, to any individuals, public or private, outside the community. Not to heed this injunction is to put in jeopardy one's right to further participation in the community. Where doubt exists about the propriety of con~unicating information (however obtained) about the community to individuals or agencies outside the c0nn-nunity, . the individual should consult in advance with an apprrpriate officer of the College. I may add that I have made vigorous representations to public authorities - federal, state, and local - protesting alleged invasions of the proper autonomies of the College community. Our major rec ours e must be, however, to the self-discipline exercLsed by each of us. I am also designating a committee, made up of faculty, students and members of the administration, to advise me. Included are Mr. Mark Breibart; Mr. Lewis Coole; Mr. Frederick Pryor; Miss Dorothy Robinson; Mr. David Smith; Mr. Jerome Wood. Its major responsibilities will be two -fo ld: to cope with the present situation, alleviating in every T,va y possible harm unjustly done to the reputation of those given notoriety in the documents. Second ly, I hope it will help formulate guidelines that vlill be as explicit as possible about safeguarding of confidential information . I must make two points exp licit. This group wi ll not constitute a court, but rather a committee o r commissio"n - a kind of collective ombudsman for the College c ommunity. Second , I must reserve the responsibility and obligation for action which would be called for, or be implicit in, the r ecommendations of this committee. Robert D. Cross . . - � SWARTHMORE COLLEGE SWARTHMORE . PENNSYLVANIA 19081 ,. OF'FlCE OF' THE PRESID E NT (215) KI 4· 7900 7 April 1971 To all members of th e College community: I had assumed that al~ of us recogniz e d what constituted proper relations with those individuals and agencies, public and private, off- campus and on-campus, with whom members of the College comnunity come in contact. I t is unreasonable to assume that there "Jill be ~. contact; the College c annot try to be a s e cret society, and it would be as impossible, as it would be unwise to try, to enforce such an expectation. We cannot presume that members of the commun ity wil l remain on all occasions si lent about the college life they are a part of. The College needs to be in contact with the I10utside world l1 on such diverse matters as the cert ifi cation of student enrollment and achievement, the availability of fire and police protection, the visits of scholars from other institutions, the presenc e of neighbors and friends at social, cultural, educational, and athletic events, etc. But all of us must recognize that at times we have access to information ab out individuals and groups at the Coll ege because we are specially privile ged to be members of the College community. We all have an obl igation to be responsible and discreet about how we communi cat e thi s information. The recent publication of a spate o f documents allege dly stolen from the FBI sug_· gests the possibility tha t some individuals have gone beyond the limit s of reasonable coop eration, by supplying information which is esp ecial ly privileged - private to individuals or the College. For the past week, I have been investigati ~ every allegation that has been published, l phoned in, or shown to me o r my associates that implied that persons in this community - student s, fac ulty, members of the staff - have given out information that was con fidential. I have refrained from acting on the basis of anonymous information, and I have avoided, and will continue to avoid, any use of surreptitious info rman ts, eavesdropping, or any othe r kind of one -sided surveillance. I don't believe that a coll ege can remain a co llege and indulge in such activities. I have not yet found any conclusive evidence that any member cf the College community has been guilty of wrong-doing in this respec t . �Yet I feel -obliged to make perfectly clear to all members of this community that they-must exercise intelligent restraint in divulging information, except that required by law or by college policy arid practice, to any individuals, public or private, outside the community. Not to heed this injunction is to put in jeopardy one's right to further participation in the community. Where doubt exists about the propriety of con~unicating information (however obtained) about the community to individuals or agencies outside the c0nn-nunity, . the individual should consult in advance with an apprrpriate officer of the College. I may add that I have made vigorous representations to public authorities - federal, state, and local - protesting alleged invasions of the proper autonomies of the College community. Our major rec ours e must be, however, to the self-discipline exercLsed by each of us. I am also designating a committee, made up of faculty, students and members of the administration, to advise me. Included are Mr. Mark Breibart; Mr. Lewis Coole; Mr. Frederick Pryor; Miss Dorothy Robinson; Mr. David Smith; Mr. Jerome Wood. Its major responsibilities will be two -fo ld: to cope with the present situation, alleviating in every T,va y possible harm unjustly done to the reputation of those given notoriety in the documents. Second ly, I hope it will help formulate guidelines that vlill be as explicit as possible about safeguarding of confidential information . I must make two points exp licit. This group wi ll not constitute a court, but rather a committee o r commissio"n - a kind of collective ombudsman for the College c ommunity. Second , I must reserve the responsibility and obligation for action which would be called for, or be implicit in, the r ecommendations of this committee. Robert D. Cross . . - � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Letter from Robert Cross to the College Community, 04/07/1971] Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Cross Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/07/1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF FBI President's Office http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/8f5fca0e91cb081ca4527dfc20b5b090.pdf c497ac5501ee6c97242e42db47d0865d PDF Text Text April 8, 1969 , Black Studies PrograDls and Civil Rights On March 5, 1969, the Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Department of Health, "Education, and Welfare warned all colleges and universities participating in Federal assistance programs against violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when establishing black studies programs. The theme of the annual meeting program of the American Council on Education, to be held in Washington on October 8-10, 1969, is to be "The Campus and the Racial Crisis" and will deal in part with black studies. Because the HEW memorandum raises immediate questions, it seems useful to provide now for ACE members a document based on some of the materials being reviewed for the meeting. Members of the Council will receive two copies of this Special Report so that their presidents can, if they wish, pass one or both along to others who may now be working with black studies programs. This Special Report may be quoted and reproduced without restriction. Logan Wilson President Text of the Memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights, dated March, 1969 It has come to our attention that many colleges and universities are initiating special programs for Negro and other minority group students. These programs range from those that will help the minority student who may have unique problems to those that look to the establishment of a separate school on campus solely for the use of the minority student. We wish to make you aware that, for whatever minority group is sought to be served, certain actions on the part of an institution of higher education constitute a violation of compliance requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 1. Separate Housing for Students Based on Race-AU housing which is owned, operated or supported by the institution or a public agency must be available to all students without regard to race, color or national origin and assignment to such housing must be made in a nondiscriminatory manner. 2. facilities facilities color or Separate Social Activity Space-Where the institution donates or otherwise makes available institution-owned or land for student use or activities or where it provides funds or other financial assistance to acquire or operate for such activities, it must be assured that the activities are to be operated without discrimination based on race, national origin. 3. Separate Colleges, Schools or Institutes-Every service and benefit offered by the institution to students must be open and available to all students without regard to race, color or national origin. The Office for Civil Rights has encouraged, and will continue to support, the institutions' efforts to recruit, enroll and matriculate "high risk" students, minority or otherwise, and to offer such students a well-rounded and relevant social and academic environment on campus. However, we must enforce the Congressional intent of prohibiting Federally assisted institutions from offering services and benefits which result in segregation on the basis of race. We realize that each institution is confronted by separate and unique problems, and we are prepared to discuss the legality of any program with individual college representatives. Mr. Solomon Arbeiter, the Higher Education Coordinator of my office, is the individual to contact in this regard. Mr. Arbeiter's telephone number is (202) 963-4418. �2 Black Studies Progranls and ,., Black Studies Progra:ms and Civil Rights Violations w. TODD FURNISS Director, Commission on Academic Affairs The warning issued on March S, 1969, by the Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare indicates that lhree specific" practices of some colleges and universities constitute violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and thus may jeopardize the eligibility of the institutions to qualify for Federal funds. The practices all concern the establishment of programs or facilities on the basis of race: separate housing for students; separate social activities space; and separate colleges, schools, or institutes. The warning poses some possibly difficult problems for institutions like Antioch, Harvard, Berkeley, and Federal City College in the District of Columbia, which have already adopted or are now considering the adoption of "black studies" programs with one or more of the prohibited features. 1 Others, like Yale, Cornell, and a large group of colleges which so far have only instituted a few courses that are open to both white and black students, may for now be avoiding Civil Rights Act problems. But many of the institutions in this group are encountering continuing pressure for separate programs, faculties, and facilities for black students; some of them are already operating special programs for highrisk black students both before and after their admission to college; and a few are considering whether special preferences based on race are to be incorporated into the policies and practices of the institution as an entity within the community-as employer, investor, or force in community planning. How should they respond to these pressures? The issue of Federal funding and the possible violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is by no means the only-or even the most important-issue raised by black studies. The black student activist would likely put Federal funding very low on the priorities for his attention. The average faculty member is likely to be more concerned about the quality of the curriculum . Others, inside and outside the college, will be concerned about the redress of wrongs and the mechanisms for redress. And still others will consider only such issues as integration versus separatism, or responses made to demands of one minority as offering precedents for meeting possible demands of other ethnic minorities-MexicanAmericans, American Indians, Jews, foreign students, or even the recently formed Queens College group I.R.I.S.H. Thus, as college and university presidents, curriculum committees, and others consider their practices, adopted or proposed, in the light of the Civil Rights Act, they will have also to weigh other factors. What follows is an aftempLto isolate these factors by describing and categorizing the curricular responses made thus far to the problems of one minority in America, the Negroes. This review begins with the standard curriculum, which forms the academic base of most American colleges and universities, a curriculum designed by whites for whites and containing little information about historical or present-day black experience. The two principal modifications, which I call Black Studies A and Black Studies B, are described next, and are followed by a summary of the issues that seem still to be unsolved . 1Antioch, for its black studies institute and associated dormitory facilities; Harvard, for the proposed "social and cultural center for black students- something of a counterpart to Hillel House for Jewish students, the Newman Center for Catholic students, and the International Student Center," See below for Berkeley and Federal City College. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education (March 10, 1969) "about a dozen" private institutions besides Antioch have also been questioned about activities that exclude white students. The names of the institutions have not been released. �Jivil Rights Violations 3 ,. THE STANDARD CURRICULUM For simplicity I shall use "white colleges" to include those four-year colleges and universities that have traditionally enrolled a preponderance of students other than Negroes. The number in America today is about · f.,40tL . At the latest count, the colleges traditionally enrolling a predominantly Negro student body number about 110. Virtually all offer what I have called the "standard curriculum ," devised by white scholars in the sciences, history, the social sciences, literature, the arts, and the professions. Commonly the materials used, except when they deal at an advanced level with foreign cultures, were prepared by white Americans. The aim of the institutions is to ready their students to live and work in American society as it now is. ~, The standard curriculum, besides its white orientation, is predicated on mmlmum requirements for admission which, though varying from institution to institution , are stringent enough to keep out those whose native ability may be good but whose standard test scores and academic preparation fail to disclose it. Further, access to an increasing number of desirable jobs in America requires at least a twoyear collegiate certificate, which, again, has its academic base on the standard curriculum . Several arguments against maintaining the standard curriculum have been advanced. For example, it is said to inform students inadequately about the historical or contemporary role of Negroes in America. For this reason, it is often called a "racist" curriculum. The curriculum is criticized because it is taught in terms and with materials that, it is claimed, cannot be readily grasped by many Negroes. Also, opponents assert that it is designed only to prepare white students for a white world and, therefore , neglects important needs of white and black students who are preparing to work with or in the black community. A fmal criticism, not curricular in character, applies to white colleges and claims that these institutions provide no social center or retreat for minority black students where they can, when they wish, be themselves and take off the masks they assume when they deal with whites. Many thoughtful educators have recognized these criticisms as valid and have proposed what I have called Black Studies A. A distinction needs to be made here. "African Studies" is a term proper to the standard curriculum and refers to studies of Africa-its history, culture, language, geography , economics, and so forth. It is the study of a foreign , not an American, culture. There are now 13 African Studies language and area centers on American campuses, all funded in part by the Federal government. The centers may provide their campuses with limited services for black studies curricula, sketching in the African background of the black American experience, and they may open their language courses to the general student. In what follows, I preserve this common definition of African Studies. For studies dealing principally with American Negroes, I have chosen to use "black studies" rather than the equally common " Afro-American studies," chiefly to avoid confusion with African Studies. BLACK STUDIES A Black Studies A is a modification of the standard curriculum designed to correct faults with respect to the black experience in this country . Curricular modifications at present range from a single course in Afro-American history to a bachelor's degree program which comprises related courses in several fields. Because some important elements are not included within Black Studies A, it is worth listing what is included. The elements of Black Studies A fall into four categories: course work and programs for credit ; workshops and institutes; cultural adjuncts; and social programs. The credit programs are based on courses, the most common being those in the history of the Negro in America and carrying titles such as "The Negro in the American Experience" and "Afro-American History." Next most common are courses in literature: "Afro-American Literary Relations," "Black Literature and Culture," "Recent �4 Black Studies Prograll1s and Black-American Literature." And there is a scattering of courses in other fields: "The Political Economy of Racial Discrimination," "Negro Politics in Urban America," "The Sociology of Poverty," "Afro-American Contemporary Politics," "The Negro in Music," and the like'. Some of tliese-'Co~rses incorporate an especially noteworthy element: they are designed to give students off-campus experience in the black community. The purposes include: introducing students firsthand to the community they are studying, providing data for research programs (the ghetto as laboratory), and helping the black community. Generally, the courses offered are not integrated into programs, either as minors and majors for undergraduates or as minors for graduate students. With the lead given by Stanford, Yale, Cornell, and Harvard, such concentrations may everttually become more common, but at least two serious problemsstaff and costs- may make such development slow. To institute a program of courses, especially if it is at all comprehensive, can be a costly enterprise. One needs only to look at Harvard's estimates of the new faculty needed to get its program under way: ten new positions the first year. And even when the money is available, qualified staff may not be. Complaints of the predominantly Negro colleges over the raiding of their better faculty are being heard in increasing numbers. The upshot of the combination of high cost and scarcity of staff is that even those institutions persuaded of the need for moving into Black Studies A have sometimes had to settle for very little, perhaps only a series of lectures by visiting speakers each semester. In a few of the institutions adopting the Black Studies A approach, training black students for the professions such as medicine, law, and business will raise consideration of the need for special programs. To the extent that curricular changes are called for, the courses involved will need to deal with the application of professional knowledge to the special problems of the black community . Black Studies A has an interesting variant, and perhaps a surprising one . Predominantly Negro colleges might have been expected to develop their own specialized curricula, very different from anything established or contemplated on white college campuses. This seems not to be the case. In the summer of 1968, the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) assembled a group to recommend appropriate curricula for the black colleges. 2 They identified the principal problem of existing curricula as their orientation toward too narrow a group of occupations (teaching for women, the minor whitecollar jobs for men) and came out strongly for what looks very much like Black Studies A, the principal orientation for which is the preparation of students for productive lives in our society as it is, with some, but secondary, attention to the history and current problems of the Negro. Thus, the recommendations of the SREB conference do not occupy a separate taxonomic category. On several campuses, black and white, Black Studies A activities go beyond courses and in addition include noncredit workshops and conferences dealing with special problems of the black community or of black studies. Ordinarily, these bring together limited categories of participants (e.g., health workers, educational administrators, teachers, librarians) to work out a program of study, to foster the production of educational materials, or to plan a program of action in the community. Several such workshops were funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities in the summer of 1968. The number of such activities may be expected to increase. Colleges and universities have also shown some eagerness to provide for general audiences, on campus and off, a variety of infonnational and cultural activities through lectures, concerts, dramatic presentations, music festivals, and exhibits. A good many of these cultural presentations took place during Black History Week, February 7-15, 1969. 2New Careers and Curriculum Change (Atlanta, Ga.: Southern Regional Education Board, 1968). �Civil Rights Violations A final, but currently very important , note on Black Studies A: Those .who have studied the problems of the black student on the white campus recognize his special and sometimes serious social problems and ha.v~ agreed that the institution should attempt to accommodate them . Princeton, for example, has involved loeal black families with both the student and the institution. In other instances, separate dormitory or social facilities have been prescribed, but these latter provisions run directly counter to the terms of the Civil Rights Act as interpreted in the memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights. Whether a court case will be needed to determine the propriety of such attempts at social segregation remains to be seen, but it is worth noting that those who have proposed or adopted such segregation in their Black Studies A 'pr«,grams have ,done so only at the social level but not at the curricular level. BLACK STUDIES B " The situation with the proponents of Black Studies B, however, is quite different . The principal characteristic of Black Studies B is a segregated academic program for black students only . Usually coupled with Black Studies B are demands for a separate "black studies department," with a program determined solely by black students and faculty and taught by black faculty whose qualifications are to be determined by blacks alone. Whereas it is possible to identify curricular elements of Black Studies A, it has been very difficult until recently to say what Black Studies B might include. Our ignorance stems from the brevity and opacity of most of the proposals. The rhetoric of those making demands and often of their supporters and the tactics that have sometimes accompanied the demands have raised a host of unanswered questions. Trustees, legislators, and the public have felt forced to resist in case it should turn out that what is wanted is not a reasonable, well-taught academic program but something else-a base for teaching revolution, perhaps, or a center from which attacks on any part of the society could be made under the protections of academic freedom. And yet, we do have some indications of what a Black Studies B curriculum could be, two of which are worth noting in some detail: the proposals at Berkeley and Federal City College. The Berkeley Proposal On February 6, 1969, at the University of California, Berkeley, Dean Walter D. Knight distributed to the chairmen of departments in the College of Letters and Science a "Proposal for the Establishment of a Department of Afro-American Studies." 3 The basis for the proposal was a document prepared in the spring of 1968 by the Afro-American Students Union at Berkeley. As presented, the program differs in several important respects from earlier programs on the campus (Black Studies A courses) in its aims: "Creating a regular Department of Afro-American Studies, staffed predominantly by black scholars and oriented toward the black student body, will provide more certainly for the unique educational needs of black students than any sort of special program, no matter how excellently designed ." Faculty, principally blacks, will be recognized scholars who will, if possible, hold joint appointments with disciplinary departments, but the faculty will also include "scholars, artists, writers and other intellectuals who have mastered a body of knowledge by means other than the traditional academic graduate study. The general pattern of appointment recommended for these teachers is that of lecturer." The curriculum "is designed to focus specifically on understanding and developing the history, culture, language, and contemporary economic, political, and social conditions of black people in Africa, the New World, and particularly the United States. Further, such a course of instruction must be 30n March 4, the Academic Senate voted its endorsement of an ethnic studies department of which the Department of AfroAmerican Studies would at lust be one of four divisions, perhaps later to achieve departmental status if the department of ethnic studies becomes a college. �6 Black Studies PrograIns and pursued from the black perspective, that is, it should adopt the viewpoint of 'black culture and orient itself toward the learning needs of black students and the leadership needs of the black community." More specific~llY;' the. student will do half his work in the freshman and sophomore years in special courses in the department. After that, he may concentrate in one of the standard disciplines (e.g., political science or economics, with a faculty preferably holding joint appointments) or in black culture. His major program, whatever it is, will "assure him of a training sufficient to enable him to go on to graduate study in his discipline of concentration, should he wish to do so ." Admission to the university will bet, handled by. existing procedures (Berkeley's Educational Opportunity Program , in operation for some time , will take care of the poorly prepared); admission to the Afro-American Studies major will be determined by the faculty of the department under ordinary procedures of the college. In addition, there will be a deliberate attempt to involve the student with the local black community. As might be expected, the cost of the program will not be insignificant. It is estimated that it will require at the start the equivalent of ten faculty positions, and it is planned to make classes small and contacts between faculty and students frequent. No estimate is given of the costs of new materials, library additions, and the research that inevitably would accompany the new venture. Courses prescribed for the first two years include "Orientation to Black Studies Program (an overview of the Black Experience from economic, historical, political and sociological perspectives)," "The History of the United States (A Black Perspective)," "Introduction to Black Culture," "Sociology of the Black Family," "Racism, Colonialism, and Apartheid,'" "Economics of Racism," "Urbanization of Black People," "Psychology of Racism," and a noncredit Freshman-Senior Seminar that will focus on "academic, personal, social and other problems experienced by freshmen." For upper-division students, a list of offerings includes approximately 30 courses dealing with aspects of the black experience, to be taught in regular departments. How far does the Berkeley program go toward meeting the common demands for Black Studies B as outlined at the opening of this section? It will be a separate academic division and perhaps ultimately a department; its faculty are to be blacks in most cases; it recognizes and hopes to meet the special problems of blacks as students; its aim is to prepare them for active lives in a wider world than the white world only, but not exclusively for the black community; its admissions standards may be different from those of the rest of the university, but consistent with university policies. Among items not included is student control: participation is implied but control remains in the hands of the faculty. And no special provision is made for a social center for black students. The place of the essential element of Black Studies B, separateness, is not wholly clear. On March 4, speaking of the ethnic studies proposal, Chancellor Heyns said, "Any unit created must not be segregated as to faculty or students." The three "major goals" of the Afro-American Studies proposal are, in order of priority, to provide "an intensive, high quality program of higher education for black students," to develop "an intellectual field of study which has hitherto been grossly overlooked," and to educate "white students and faculty in the culture of their compatriots." Although white students are to be served, some portions of the program (for example , the Freshman-Senior Seminar) seem to be designed for black students only and to be inappropriate for whites. For this reason and because the program is to be "oriented toward the black student body" and its curriculum is to "adopt the viewpoint of black culture and orient itself toward the learning needs of black students and the leadership needs of the black community," it falls into category B rather than A. Federal City College Proposal In a different way, the proposal for a Black Studies Program at Federal City College in Washington, D.C., also falls within this category, but it presents some special problems of classification. In order to " �~ivil Rights Violations 7 l understand what these '\t:e, we must approach two elements of the proposal separately: the program itself, and its stated aims. For this review, it is of significance that the initia1.student body of 2,200 (1,600 full-time equivalent; the college opened in the fall of 1968) is approximately 98 percent black; the faculty is divided about equally between black and white. , The proposed program is a total one, covering four college years. Its focus is on the acquisition and application of knowledge for technical and social change in those areas of the world inhabited by black Africans and the descendants of black Africans in the Caribbean and the Americas. One might, therefore, compare the program to similar ones focusing on other areas of the world, for example, South Asia: providing courses about the culture, language, politics, and economics of the area, along with courses in technical, political, and' cultural fields. Together, the two kinds of courses are designed to prepare the student to give effective help to the people of the area in overcoming their local problems, whether of health or economic development or education. In the Federal City College proposal, the first year's offerings consist of quarter-long courses in six areas: The Pan-African world History and Society in the African World African Civilization Contemporary Prospects in the Pan-African World Natural sciences Uses of Science in History: A Basic Course History of Mathematics, Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences (one to be chosen) Application and Implementation (one of the science areas) Communicative skills Uses of Language Seminar Workshop in Development of Communicative Skills Compositional Procedure African peoples and world reality Uses and Techniques of Pacification Politics of Dependence Quest for Unity and Solidarity: African Peoples in the Third World Languages Swahili Kikuyu Arabic French Spanish Portuguese Physical development (An assortment of sports and skills, including dance) The second year continues the language and physical development components and adds the following areas : Interpretation of the African Experience Cultural Concepts of African Peoples World's Great Men of Color Seminars in Developmental Skills (Interpretative Skills, Technical Skills, and Applied Skills in one of the areas of mathematics or science) In the third year, the student is to begin a major in one of the three "cores" under the general title "Nation Building": Technical Core, Political Core, Cultural Core. In the fourth year, emphasis is on "the development and acquisition of advanced skills with direction always toward applications." No courses are specified. The curriculum outlined above might be thought of as a four-year preparation for Peace Corps work in the areas inhabited by black Africans and by their relatives in the New World. It does not exclude white students; in fact, no distinction between white and black is made in the program. However, if one looks at the proposal apart from the program details, one may doubt the appropriateness of the program for a white student. For example, the "focus" of the first-year program is given as "Decolonization of the mind. Development of the ways of looking at the world (Interpretative Skills)." In the introduction, we find these statements: "If education is to be relevant to Black �/ 8 Black Studies Progralns and people, it must have a two-fold purpose: revolution and nation-building. If the education of Black students is to be meanIngful, it must direct these students toward the destr~ction of the forces of racism, colonialism and oppression that continue to drain Black people all over the world; and it must develop in them. the skills which will allow them to conceptualize and structure the projections of future Black existen'"Ce.'~ . The introduction goes on: The main emphasis of Black Studies will be toward the liberation of the African world. Since education should serve to expand the minds and spheres of action of the people involved in it, Black Studies must prepare Black people for the most complete self-expression, which must, in fact, be liberation and self-determination. Black Studies will take the position that the tqtal liberation of a people necessarily means that those people separate themselves in values, attitudes, social structure and technology, from the forces which oppress them. Concurrent, then, with the liberation of African people must be the construction of a durable, productive and self-sufficient nation. The building of a lasting and meaningful African nation must be the end-product of the Black Studies Program. From these statements, it is clear that (a) the program is designed for black students only and thus is a variety of Black Studies B; and (b) no matter how much it may appear to resemble a South Asia or Peace Corps program, it differs in one conspicuous way: Neither the student of South Asia nor the Peace Corps volunteer is expected or required to be or to become an Indian to do effective work in India; the burden of the Federal City College proposal is that the black student must become, himself, a member in full of the "African nation" before he can render service. The Differences These signal differences seem to distinguish between the Berkeley and the Federal City College proposals. The first-Berkeley-calls for special work for the black student to free him from the debilitating effects of his background so that he may apply his skills in white or black communities with some measure of academic detachment. The Federal City College program seems to say that the student will be freed from the debilitating effects of his background but, instead of acquiring academic detachment, he will have substituted a commitment to a fresh black perspective. To push the consequences of this distinction further: A trend in American education over the last decade has been to prepare students as "world citizens," to break down some of the more obvious chauvinistic tendencies we all acquire as we mature, but to preserve understanding of and sympathy for the best in our own culture. The chief means of bringing about this "decolonization" of our minds is a broad and liberal education, to cultivate in the student a sense of objectivity in observing in perspective both his own and other cultures. Of the two Black Studies B programs, only that at Berkeley seems consistent with this aim. Thus, programs like the Federal City College proposal will unquestionably raise serious doubts about their propriety in an academic setting. THE ISSUES From this review, it is clear that issues with respect to black studies and related programs go beyond those raised by the memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights and that many of these issues are as yet unresolved. The issues may be summarized as follows: Separate facilities. One of the issues raised by HEW, the question of separate social and living arrangements, could be settled solely on the basis of the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, at least some of the proposals for such facilities rest on the considered judgment of college faculties that there is a sound educational and social justification for them. �~ivil Rights Violations 9 Separate academic programs. Between providing a precollege program for blacks (limited to them perhaps because the 'cominunity may have no whites in the same educational. plight) and establishing a college curriculum specifically excluding non blacks there are some gradations of exclusiveness that mayor may not .run cQunter to the Civil Rights Act. Even the totally exclusive programs have sometimes been advoc'a tecr on.,.educational grounds. Separatism and civil rights. The American community is currently engaged in a new debate over "separatism" as distinguished from "segregation." Segregation is involuntary; separatism in this sense is the voluntary separation of the blacks from the white community. In today's uncertainties, college decisions about separate facilities and academic programs may be based on today's educational theory or on civil rights laws and may b~ subj.~ct to modification if the current debate results in fresh social theories or modified laws. Primary commitment. An academic program that requires a primary commitment to racial identity rather than to academic principles raises a very difficult issue. In the history of American education we have seen parallels in institutions basing their academic programs on religious commitment. Comparisons might be instructive. Autonomy. Totally autonomous programs have no precedent in our colleges and universities. Because members of a unit are better equipped in certain matters than anyone else in the institution, a large measure of freedom may be granted in establishing a curriculum, in determining which students shall be eligible to enter it, in selecting and promoting faculty, and in allocating the unit's budget. Nevertheless, this freedom is exercised within parameters based on institutional aims and resources and embodied in procedures and regulations. Is there any compelling reason to exempt black studies from such parameters? Appropriate courses and materials. Although the standard curriculum is generally conceded to need modification toward what I have described as Black Studies A, open to all students, there are as yet few guides to appropriate courses and materials involving the black experience. Some bibliographies have been published and a few institutes have been held to conisder these matters, but little is available to guide those entering unfamiliar territory. A vailability of staff Faculty competent to teach Black Studies A courses are in short supply. Black colleges fear a "brain drain." Many colleges find themselves faced with appointing as faculty those who do not have the qualifications they are accustomed to demand. Although Berkeley's proposal provides for "lecturers," other institutions may have to work out different arrangements if they choose to add such faculty for black studies. Costs. Even with the best will in the world, some institutions will be unable to make more than token moves toward satisfying demands for black studies. Financial limitations on educational programs are not easily overcome. The issue here will be priority. Thus usually it will be resolved after a collective consideration of alternatives. The allocation of funds may, then, become a test of power. Political considerations. Clearly, in some institutions the demands for a black studies department are not really proposals for curricular change but rather a set of "nonnegotiable" political demands to provoke retaliation from faculty and administration or the public. These will inevitably call forth political rather than curricular responses. Definitions. Basic to most of the problems that have arisen in connection with black studies on our campuses is the question of definitions. As the foregoing makes clear, the names "black studies" and "Afro-American studies" or a term like "the black perspective" are understood variously . It is to be hoped that future discussions on campus or between campuses and the Office for Civil Rights will put a high priority on agreement on terms. �10 In the past year, some progress has been made toward correcting deficiencies in the standard curriculum. Some of the modifications have been minor; others have struck out. into unexplored territory, encountering difficult and sometimes unexpected problems along the way. It should be clear, however, that although the Civil .Rights Act of 1964 may prohibit certain features suggested or adopted for black studies, there ;till 'remain a wide range of acceptable programs that can be established without regard to possible legal violations. It would be unfortunate if the recent memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights were to halt or delay consideration of such programs. An A.C.E. SPECIAL REPORT The material in this report is not copyrighted, and may be quoted and reproduced in the interest of education. Additional copies are not availab.le for distribution. AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION 1785 MASSACHUSEITS AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 � April 8, 1969 , Black Studies PrograDls and Civil Rights On March 5, 1969, the Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Department of Health, "Education, and Welfare warned all colleges and universities participating in Federal assistance programs against violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when establishing black studies programs. The theme of the annual meeting program of the American Council on Education, to be held in Washington on October 8-10, 1969, is to be "The Campus and the Racial Crisis" and will deal in part with black studies. Because the HEW memorandum raises immediate questions, it seems useful to provide now for ACE members a document based on some of the materials being reviewed for the meeting. Members of the Council will receive two copies of this Special Report so that their presidents can, if they wish, pass one or both along to others who may now be working with black studies programs. This Special Report may be quoted and reproduced without restriction. Logan Wilson President Text of the Memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights, dated March, 1969 It has come to our attention that many colleges and universities are initiating special programs for Negro and other minority group students. These programs range from those that will help the minority student who may have unique problems to those that look to the establishment of a separate school on campus solely for the use of the minority student. We wish to make you aware that, for whatever minority group is sought to be served, certain actions on the part of an institution of higher education constitute a violation of compliance requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 1. Separate Housing for Students Based on Race-AU housing which is owned, operated or supported by the institution or a public agency must be available to all students without regard to race, color or national origin and assignment to such housing must be made in a nondiscriminatory manner. 2. facilities facilities color or Separate Social Activity Space-Where the institution donates or otherwise makes available institution-owned or land for student use or activities or where it provides funds or other financial assistance to acquire or operate for such activities, it must be assured that the activities are to be operated without discrimination based on race, national origin. 3. Separate Colleges, Schools or Institutes-Every service and benefit offered by the institution to students must be open and available to all students without regard to race, color or national origin. The Office for Civil Rights has encouraged, and will continue to support, the institutions' efforts to recruit, enroll and matriculate "high risk" students, minority or otherwise, and to offer such students a well-rounded and relevant social and academic environment on campus. However, we must enforce the Congressional intent of prohibiting Federally assisted institutions from offering services and benefits which result in segregation on the basis of race. We realize that each institution is confronted by separate and unique problems, and we are prepared to discuss the legality of any program with individual college representatives. Mr. Solomon Arbeiter, the Higher Education Coordinator of my office, is the individual to contact in this regard. Mr. Arbeiter's telephone number is (202) 963-4418. �2 Black Studies Progranls and ,., Black Studies Progra:ms and Civil Rights Violations w. TODD FURNISS Director, Commission on Academic Affairs The warning issued on March S, 1969, by the Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare indicates that lhree specific" practices of some colleges and universities constitute violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and thus may jeopardize the eligibility of the institutions to qualify for Federal funds. The practices all concern the establishment of programs or facilities on the basis of race: separate housing for students; separate social activities space; and separate colleges, schools, or institutes. The warning poses some possibly difficult problems for institutions like Antioch, Harvard, Berkeley, and Federal City College in the District of Columbia, which have already adopted or are now considering the adoption of "black studies" programs with one or more of the prohibited features. 1 Others, like Yale, Cornell, and a large group of colleges which so far have only instituted a few courses that are open to both white and black students, may for now be avoiding Civil Rights Act problems. But many of the institutions in this group are encountering continuing pressure for separate programs, faculties, and facilities for black students; some of them are already operating special programs for highrisk black students both before and after their admission to college; and a few are considering whether special preferences based on race are to be incorporated into the policies and practices of the institution as an entity within the community-as employer, investor, or force in community planning. How should they respond to these pressures? The issue of Federal funding and the possible violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is by no means the only-or even the most important-issue raised by black studies. The black student activist would likely put Federal funding very low on the priorities for his attention. The average faculty member is likely to be more concerned about the quality of the curriculum . Others, inside and outside the college, will be concerned about the redress of wrongs and the mechanisms for redress. And still others will consider only such issues as integration versus separatism, or responses made to demands of one minority as offering precedents for meeting possible demands of other ethnic minorities-MexicanAmericans, American Indians, Jews, foreign students, or even the recently formed Queens College group I.R.I.S.H. Thus, as college and university presidents, curriculum committees, and others consider their practices, adopted or proposed, in the light of the Civil Rights Act, they will have also to weigh other factors. What follows is an aftempLto isolate these factors by describing and categorizing the curricular responses made thus far to the problems of one minority in America, the Negroes. This review begins with the standard curriculum, which forms the academic base of most American colleges and universities, a curriculum designed by whites for whites and containing little information about historical or present-day black experience. The two principal modifications, which I call Black Studies A and Black Studies B, are described next, and are followed by a summary of the issues that seem still to be unsolved . 1Antioch, for its black studies institute and associated dormitory facilities; Harvard, for the proposed "social and cultural center for black students- something of a counterpart to Hillel House for Jewish students, the Newman Center for Catholic students, and the International Student Center," See below for Berkeley and Federal City College. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education (March 10, 1969) "about a dozen" private institutions besides Antioch have also been questioned about activities that exclude white students. The names of the institutions have not been released. �Jivil Rights Violations 3 ,. THE STANDARD CURRICULUM For simplicity I shall use "white colleges" to include those four-year colleges and universities that have traditionally enrolled a preponderance of students other than Negroes. The number in America today is about · f.,40tL . At the latest count, the colleges traditionally enrolling a predominantly Negro student body number about 110. Virtually all offer what I have called the "standard curriculum ," devised by white scholars in the sciences, history, the social sciences, literature, the arts, and the professions. Commonly the materials used, except when they deal at an advanced level with foreign cultures, were prepared by white Americans. The aim of the institutions is to ready their students to live and work in American society as it now is. ~, The standard curriculum, besides its white orientation, is predicated on mmlmum requirements for admission which, though varying from institution to institution , are stringent enough to keep out those whose native ability may be good but whose standard test scores and academic preparation fail to disclose it. Further, access to an increasing number of desirable jobs in America requires at least a twoyear collegiate certificate, which, again, has its academic base on the standard curriculum . Several arguments against maintaining the standard curriculum have been advanced. For example, it is said to inform students inadequately about the historical or contemporary role of Negroes in America. For this reason, it is often called a "racist" curriculum. The curriculum is criticized because it is taught in terms and with materials that, it is claimed, cannot be readily grasped by many Negroes. Also, opponents assert that it is designed only to prepare white students for a white world and, therefore , neglects important needs of white and black students who are preparing to work with or in the black community. A fmal criticism, not curricular in character, applies to white colleges and claims that these institutions provide no social center or retreat for minority black students where they can, when they wish, be themselves and take off the masks they assume when they deal with whites. Many thoughtful educators have recognized these criticisms as valid and have proposed what I have called Black Studies A. A distinction needs to be made here. "African Studies" is a term proper to the standard curriculum and refers to studies of Africa-its history, culture, language, geography , economics, and so forth. It is the study of a foreign , not an American, culture. There are now 13 African Studies language and area centers on American campuses, all funded in part by the Federal government. The centers may provide their campuses with limited services for black studies curricula, sketching in the African background of the black American experience, and they may open their language courses to the general student. In what follows, I preserve this common definition of African Studies. For studies dealing principally with American Negroes, I have chosen to use "black studies" rather than the equally common " Afro-American studies," chiefly to avoid confusion with African Studies. BLACK STUDIES A Black Studies A is a modification of the standard curriculum designed to correct faults with respect to the black experience in this country . Curricular modifications at present range from a single course in Afro-American history to a bachelor's degree program which comprises related courses in several fields. Because some important elements are not included within Black Studies A, it is worth listing what is included. The elements of Black Studies A fall into four categories: course work and programs for credit ; workshops and institutes; cultural adjuncts; and social programs. The credit programs are based on courses, the most common being those in the history of the Negro in America and carrying titles such as "The Negro in the American Experience" and "Afro-American History." Next most common are courses in literature: "Afro-American Literary Relations," "Black Literature and Culture," "Recent �4 Black Studies Prograll1s and Black-American Literature." And there is a scattering of courses in other fields: "The Political Economy of Racial Discrimination," "Negro Politics in Urban America," "The Sociology of Poverty," "Afro-American Contemporary Politics," "The Negro in Music," and the like'. Some of tliese-'Co~rses incorporate an especially noteworthy element: they are designed to give students off-campus experience in the black community. The purposes include: introducing students firsthand to the community they are studying, providing data for research programs (the ghetto as laboratory), and helping the black community. Generally, the courses offered are not integrated into programs, either as minors and majors for undergraduates or as minors for graduate students. With the lead given by Stanford, Yale, Cornell, and Harvard, such concentrations may everttually become more common, but at least two serious problemsstaff and costs- may make such development slow. To institute a program of courses, especially if it is at all comprehensive, can be a costly enterprise. One needs only to look at Harvard's estimates of the new faculty needed to get its program under way: ten new positions the first year. And even when the money is available, qualified staff may not be. Complaints of the predominantly Negro colleges over the raiding of their better faculty are being heard in increasing numbers. The upshot of the combination of high cost and scarcity of staff is that even those institutions persuaded of the need for moving into Black Studies A have sometimes had to settle for very little, perhaps only a series of lectures by visiting speakers each semester. In a few of the institutions adopting the Black Studies A approach, training black students for the professions such as medicine, law, and business will raise consideration of the need for special programs. To the extent that curricular changes are called for, the courses involved will need to deal with the application of professional knowledge to the special problems of the black community . Black Studies A has an interesting variant, and perhaps a surprising one . Predominantly Negro colleges might have been expected to develop their own specialized curricula, very different from anything established or contemplated on white college campuses. This seems not to be the case. In the summer of 1968, the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) assembled a group to recommend appropriate curricula for the black colleges. 2 They identified the principal problem of existing curricula as their orientation toward too narrow a group of occupations (teaching for women, the minor whitecollar jobs for men) and came out strongly for what looks very much like Black Studies A, the principal orientation for which is the preparation of students for productive lives in our society as it is, with some, but secondary, attention to the history and current problems of the Negro. Thus, the recommendations of the SREB conference do not occupy a separate taxonomic category. On several campuses, black and white, Black Studies A activities go beyond courses and in addition include noncredit workshops and conferences dealing with special problems of the black community or of black studies. Ordinarily, these bring together limited categories of participants (e.g., health workers, educational administrators, teachers, librarians) to work out a program of study, to foster the production of educational materials, or to plan a program of action in the community. Several such workshops were funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities in the summer of 1968. The number of such activities may be expected to increase. Colleges and universities have also shown some eagerness to provide for general audiences, on campus and off, a variety of infonnational and cultural activities through lectures, concerts, dramatic presentations, music festivals, and exhibits. A good many of these cultural presentations took place during Black History Week, February 7-15, 1969. 2New Careers and Curriculum Change (Atlanta, Ga.: Southern Regional Education Board, 1968). �Civil Rights Violations A final, but currently very important , note on Black Studies A: Those .who have studied the problems of the black student on the white campus recognize his special and sometimes serious social problems and ha.v~ agreed that the institution should attempt to accommodate them . Princeton, for example, has involved loeal black families with both the student and the institution. In other instances, separate dormitory or social facilities have been prescribed, but these latter provisions run directly counter to the terms of the Civil Rights Act as interpreted in the memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights. Whether a court case will be needed to determine the propriety of such attempts at social segregation remains to be seen, but it is worth noting that those who have proposed or adopted such segregation in their Black Studies A 'pr«,grams have ,done so only at the social level but not at the curricular level. BLACK STUDIES B " The situation with the proponents of Black Studies B, however, is quite different . The principal characteristic of Black Studies B is a segregated academic program for black students only . Usually coupled with Black Studies B are demands for a separate "black studies department," with a program determined solely by black students and faculty and taught by black faculty whose qualifications are to be determined by blacks alone. Whereas it is possible to identify curricular elements of Black Studies A, it has been very difficult until recently to say what Black Studies B might include. Our ignorance stems from the brevity and opacity of most of the proposals. The rhetoric of those making demands and often of their supporters and the tactics that have sometimes accompanied the demands have raised a host of unanswered questions. Trustees, legislators, and the public have felt forced to resist in case it should turn out that what is wanted is not a reasonable, well-taught academic program but something else-a base for teaching revolution, perhaps, or a center from which attacks on any part of the society could be made under the protections of academic freedom. And yet, we do have some indications of what a Black Studies B curriculum could be, two of which are worth noting in some detail: the proposals at Berkeley and Federal City College. The Berkeley Proposal On February 6, 1969, at the University of California, Berkeley, Dean Walter D. Knight distributed to the chairmen of departments in the College of Letters and Science a "Proposal for the Establishment of a Department of Afro-American Studies." 3 The basis for the proposal was a document prepared in the spring of 1968 by the Afro-American Students Union at Berkeley. As presented, the program differs in several important respects from earlier programs on the campus (Black Studies A courses) in its aims: "Creating a regular Department of Afro-American Studies, staffed predominantly by black scholars and oriented toward the black student body, will provide more certainly for the unique educational needs of black students than any sort of special program, no matter how excellently designed ." Faculty, principally blacks, will be recognized scholars who will, if possible, hold joint appointments with disciplinary departments, but the faculty will also include "scholars, artists, writers and other intellectuals who have mastered a body of knowledge by means other than the traditional academic graduate study. The general pattern of appointment recommended for these teachers is that of lecturer." The curriculum "is designed to focus specifically on understanding and developing the history, culture, language, and contemporary economic, political, and social conditions of black people in Africa, the New World, and particularly the United States. Further, such a course of instruction must be 30n March 4, the Academic Senate voted its endorsement of an ethnic studies department of which the Department of AfroAmerican Studies would at lust be one of four divisions, perhaps later to achieve departmental status if the department of ethnic studies becomes a college. �6 Black Studies PrograIns and pursued from the black perspective, that is, it should adopt the viewpoint of 'black culture and orient itself toward the learning needs of black students and the leadership needs of the black community." More specific~llY;' the. student will do half his work in the freshman and sophomore years in special courses in the department. After that, he may concentrate in one of the standard disciplines (e.g., political science or economics, with a faculty preferably holding joint appointments) or in black culture. His major program, whatever it is, will "assure him of a training sufficient to enable him to go on to graduate study in his discipline of concentration, should he wish to do so ." Admission to the university will bet, handled by. existing procedures (Berkeley's Educational Opportunity Program , in operation for some time , will take care of the poorly prepared); admission to the Afro-American Studies major will be determined by the faculty of the department under ordinary procedures of the college. In addition, there will be a deliberate attempt to involve the student with the local black community. As might be expected, the cost of the program will not be insignificant. It is estimated that it will require at the start the equivalent of ten faculty positions, and it is planned to make classes small and contacts between faculty and students frequent. No estimate is given of the costs of new materials, library additions, and the research that inevitably would accompany the new venture. Courses prescribed for the first two years include "Orientation to Black Studies Program (an overview of the Black Experience from economic, historical, political and sociological perspectives)," "The History of the United States (A Black Perspective)," "Introduction to Black Culture," "Sociology of the Black Family," "Racism, Colonialism, and Apartheid,'" "Economics of Racism," "Urbanization of Black People," "Psychology of Racism," and a noncredit Freshman-Senior Seminar that will focus on "academic, personal, social and other problems experienced by freshmen." For upper-division students, a list of offerings includes approximately 30 courses dealing with aspects of the black experience, to be taught in regular departments. How far does the Berkeley program go toward meeting the common demands for Black Studies B as outlined at the opening of this section? It will be a separate academic division and perhaps ultimately a department; its faculty are to be blacks in most cases; it recognizes and hopes to meet the special problems of blacks as students; its aim is to prepare them for active lives in a wider world than the white world only, but not exclusively for the black community; its admissions standards may be different from those of the rest of the university, but consistent with university policies. Among items not included is student control: participation is implied but control remains in the hands of the faculty. And no special provision is made for a social center for black students. The place of the essential element of Black Studies B, separateness, is not wholly clear. On March 4, speaking of the ethnic studies proposal, Chancellor Heyns said, "Any unit created must not be segregated as to faculty or students." The three "major goals" of the Afro-American Studies proposal are, in order of priority, to provide "an intensive, high quality program of higher education for black students," to develop "an intellectual field of study which has hitherto been grossly overlooked," and to educate "white students and faculty in the culture of their compatriots." Although white students are to be served, some portions of the program (for example , the Freshman-Senior Seminar) seem to be designed for black students only and to be inappropriate for whites. For this reason and because the program is to be "oriented toward the black student body" and its curriculum is to "adopt the viewpoint of black culture and orient itself toward the learning needs of black students and the leadership needs of the black community," it falls into category B rather than A. Federal City College Proposal In a different way, the proposal for a Black Studies Program at Federal City College in Washington, D.C., also falls within this category, but it presents some special problems of classification. In order to " �~ivil Rights Violations 7 l understand what these '\t:e, we must approach two elements of the proposal separately: the program itself, and its stated aims. For this review, it is of significance that the initia1.student body of 2,200 (1,600 full-time equivalent; the college opened in the fall of 1968) is approximately 98 percent black; the faculty is divided about equally between black and white. , The proposed program is a total one, covering four college years. Its focus is on the acquisition and application of knowledge for technical and social change in those areas of the world inhabited by black Africans and the descendants of black Africans in the Caribbean and the Americas. One might, therefore, compare the program to similar ones focusing on other areas of the world, for example, South Asia: providing courses about the culture, language, politics, and economics of the area, along with courses in technical, political, and' cultural fields. Together, the two kinds of courses are designed to prepare the student to give effective help to the people of the area in overcoming their local problems, whether of health or economic development or education. In the Federal City College proposal, the first year's offerings consist of quarter-long courses in six areas: The Pan-African world History and Society in the African World African Civilization Contemporary Prospects in the Pan-African World Natural sciences Uses of Science in History: A Basic Course History of Mathematics, Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences (one to be chosen) Application and Implementation (one of the science areas) Communicative skills Uses of Language Seminar Workshop in Development of Communicative Skills Compositional Procedure African peoples and world reality Uses and Techniques of Pacification Politics of Dependence Quest for Unity and Solidarity: African Peoples in the Third World Languages Swahili Kikuyu Arabic French Spanish Portuguese Physical development (An assortment of sports and skills, including dance) The second year continues the language and physical development components and adds the following areas : Interpretation of the African Experience Cultural Concepts of African Peoples World's Great Men of Color Seminars in Developmental Skills (Interpretative Skills, Technical Skills, and Applied Skills in one of the areas of mathematics or science) In the third year, the student is to begin a major in one of the three "cores" under the general title "Nation Building": Technical Core, Political Core, Cultural Core. In the fourth year, emphasis is on "the development and acquisition of advanced skills with direction always toward applications." No courses are specified. The curriculum outlined above might be thought of as a four-year preparation for Peace Corps work in the areas inhabited by black Africans and by their relatives in the New World. It does not exclude white students; in fact, no distinction between white and black is made in the program. However, if one looks at the proposal apart from the program details, one may doubt the appropriateness of the program for a white student. For example, the "focus" of the first-year program is given as "Decolonization of the mind. Development of the ways of looking at the world (Interpretative Skills)." In the introduction, we find these statements: "If education is to be relevant to Black �/ 8 Black Studies Progralns and people, it must have a two-fold purpose: revolution and nation-building. If the education of Black students is to be meanIngful, it must direct these students toward the destr~ction of the forces of racism, colonialism and oppression that continue to drain Black people all over the world; and it must develop in them. the skills which will allow them to conceptualize and structure the projections of future Black existen'"Ce.'~ . The introduction goes on: The main emphasis of Black Studies will be toward the liberation of the African world. Since education should serve to expand the minds and spheres of action of the people involved in it, Black Studies must prepare Black people for the most complete self-expression, which must, in fact, be liberation and self-determination. Black Studies will take the position that the tqtal liberation of a people necessarily means that those people separate themselves in values, attitudes, social structure and technology, from the forces which oppress them. Concurrent, then, with the liberation of African people must be the construction of a durable, productive and self-sufficient nation. The building of a lasting and meaningful African nation must be the end-product of the Black Studies Program. From these statements, it is clear that (a) the program is designed for black students only and thus is a variety of Black Studies B; and (b) no matter how much it may appear to resemble a South Asia or Peace Corps program, it differs in one conspicuous way: Neither the student of South Asia nor the Peace Corps volunteer is expected or required to be or to become an Indian to do effective work in India; the burden of the Federal City College proposal is that the black student must become, himself, a member in full of the "African nation" before he can render service. The Differences These signal differences seem to distinguish between the Berkeley and the Federal City College proposals. The first-Berkeley-calls for special work for the black student to free him from the debilitating effects of his background so that he may apply his skills in white or black communities with some measure of academic detachment. The Federal City College program seems to say that the student will be freed from the debilitating effects of his background but, instead of acquiring academic detachment, he will have substituted a commitment to a fresh black perspective. To push the consequences of this distinction further: A trend in American education over the last decade has been to prepare students as "world citizens," to break down some of the more obvious chauvinistic tendencies we all acquire as we mature, but to preserve understanding of and sympathy for the best in our own culture. The chief means of bringing about this "decolonization" of our minds is a broad and liberal education, to cultivate in the student a sense of objectivity in observing in perspective both his own and other cultures. Of the two Black Studies B programs, only that at Berkeley seems consistent with this aim. Thus, programs like the Federal City College proposal will unquestionably raise serious doubts about their propriety in an academic setting. THE ISSUES From this review, it is clear that issues with respect to black studies and related programs go beyond those raised by the memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights and that many of these issues are as yet unresolved. The issues may be summarized as follows: Separate facilities. One of the issues raised by HEW, the question of separate social and living arrangements, could be settled solely on the basis of the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, at least some of the proposals for such facilities rest on the considered judgment of college faculties that there is a sound educational and social justification for them. �~ivil Rights Violations 9 Separate academic programs. Between providing a precollege program for blacks (limited to them perhaps because the 'cominunity may have no whites in the same educational. plight) and establishing a college curriculum specifically excluding non blacks there are some gradations of exclusiveness that mayor may not .run cQunter to the Civil Rights Act. Even the totally exclusive programs have sometimes been advoc'a tecr on.,.educational grounds. Separatism and civil rights. The American community is currently engaged in a new debate over "separatism" as distinguished from "segregation." Segregation is involuntary; separatism in this sense is the voluntary separation of the blacks from the white community. In today's uncertainties, college decisions about separate facilities and academic programs may be based on today's educational theory or on civil rights laws and may b~ subj.~ct to modification if the current debate results in fresh social theories or modified laws. Primary commitment. An academic program that requires a primary commitment to racial identity rather than to academic principles raises a very difficult issue. In the history of American education we have seen parallels in institutions basing their academic programs on religious commitment. Comparisons might be instructive. Autonomy. Totally autonomous programs have no precedent in our colleges and universities. Because members of a unit are better equipped in certain matters than anyone else in the institution, a large measure of freedom may be granted in establishing a curriculum, in determining which students shall be eligible to enter it, in selecting and promoting faculty, and in allocating the unit's budget. Nevertheless, this freedom is exercised within parameters based on institutional aims and resources and embodied in procedures and regulations. Is there any compelling reason to exempt black studies from such parameters? Appropriate courses and materials. Although the standard curriculum is generally conceded to need modification toward what I have described as Black Studies A, open to all students, there are as yet few guides to appropriate courses and materials involving the black experience. Some bibliographies have been published and a few institutes have been held to conisder these matters, but little is available to guide those entering unfamiliar territory. A vailability of staff Faculty competent to teach Black Studies A courses are in short supply. Black colleges fear a "brain drain." Many colleges find themselves faced with appointing as faculty those who do not have the qualifications they are accustomed to demand. Although Berkeley's proposal provides for "lecturers," other institutions may have to work out different arrangements if they choose to add such faculty for black studies. Costs. Even with the best will in the world, some institutions will be unable to make more than token moves toward satisfying demands for black studies. Financial limitations on educational programs are not easily overcome. The issue here will be priority. Thus usually it will be resolved after a collective consideration of alternatives. The allocation of funds may, then, become a test of power. Political considerations. Clearly, in some institutions the demands for a black studies department are not really proposals for curricular change but rather a set of "nonnegotiable" political demands to provoke retaliation from faculty and administration or the public. These will inevitably call forth political rather than curricular responses. Definitions. Basic to most of the problems that have arisen in connection with black studies on our campuses is the question of definitions. As the foregoing makes clear, the names "black studies" and "Afro-American studies" or a term like "the black perspective" are understood variously . It is to be hoped that future discussions on campus or between campuses and the Office for Civil Rights will put a high priority on agreement on terms. �10 In the past year, some progress has been made toward correcting deficiencies in the standard curriculum. Some of the modifications have been minor; others have struck out. into unexplored territory, encountering difficult and sometimes unexpected problems along the way. It should be clear, however, that although the Civil .Rights Act of 1964 may prohibit certain features suggested or adopted for black studies, there ;till 'remain a wide range of acceptable programs that can be established without regard to possible legal violations. It would be unfortunate if the recent memorandum from the Office for Civil Rights were to halt or delay consideration of such programs. An A.C.E. SPECIAL REPORT The material in this report is not copyrighted, and may be quoted and reproduced in the interest of education. Additional copies are not availab.le for distribution. AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION 1785 MASSACHUSEITS AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Studies Programs and Civil Rights Description An account of the resource Box 12, Black Curriculum Committee Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource American Council on Education Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/08/1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Black Studies http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/681a1c4798e3aa9bce19ee9fa70ee2f7.jpg 69a954016e0cc8259606f425c0809580 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Letter from Frederic Pryor to Robert Cross 04/08/1971] Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frederic Pryor Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/08/1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Faculty FBI http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/7c2bed19cbef96119cbef8a23abf0588.jpg 1f6e1118c5b8a4647eba8449079e65fd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Letter from Robert Cross to chairmen of departments 04/03/1971] Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Cross Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/13/1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG FBI President's Office http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/bd0aa60710e24d84cd974e11d0c610f3.jpg 727289ab3ecaf07ab54244424370c959 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Letter from Robert Cross to the Phoenix 04/13/1971] Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Cross Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/13/1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG FBI President's Office http://s3.amazonaws.com/sc-lib-ds-bl1969/original/f8992a7eac14a895f9d5286b678165eb.jpg 1a0a2dc6a5f512e8a12ad2e1c491a9ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Cross Papers Description An account of the resource Correspondence, reports, recommendations, statements, and news clippings from students, administrators, board members, and alums. All of these documents passed through the Swarthmore President's Office during Robert Cross' time there. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Friends Historical Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource How G-Men Win Their Letter on Campus Description An account of the resource Box 03, Federal Bureau of Investigation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [none] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Newsweek Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/26/1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG FBI President's Office