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                    <text>SWARTHMORE COLLEGE
SWARTHMORE . PENNS Y L V A N I A 190 81

BUSINE S S OFFICE

January 10, 1969

Memorandum to Courtney Smith From Lewis To Cook, JroJ

'7L/'

About 9 a.m. on January 8, 1969 Harold Buchanan and two other students came to see me in my office. I was asked if I had had meetings with employees concerning the SASS situation. I replied that all employees had been given the 4 written documents and that we had asked them to read the information if they wished to form their own opinion. I also stated that it was our feeling that all members of the college community, students, faculty and staff should have the same basic informationo I was asked if I would invite employees, particularly employees from Food Service, House Director and Superintendent's department to attend a meeting at 1:30 porn. in Sharples. I asked if all college employees would be welcome and was told they would be, but that they were particularly concerned that the personnel from the three operating departments have the opportunity to hear from SASS and to ask questions if they wished. All · ef!gGr ' 'l~j"t:~ employees and others were informed . pera ~n of the meet~ngo At 1:30 p.m. or shortly thereafter as I stood in the West Dining Room Where several employees were assembled, I was asked by a black student to step outside. At this time I was informed there had been a misunderstanding and that the meeting was for black employees only. I stated I had been asked to invite employees and this I had done and that everyone assembled was an employee, including myself. Again I was told they were sorry but that regardless of what Iid been told, they wanted a black meeting so that no one would feel inhibited. I stated that I would like to make a statement of my understanding of the request for a meeting and SASS members agreed. I explained to the assembled group, both black and white, that I'd been asked to invite employees to attend a meeting at 1:30 p.m. at Which SASS would be available to explain their position and answer questions. I further stated that SASS now wished this to be an all black meeting and that I was sorry that I had asked all employees to attend a meeting at Which they .were not now welcomed by SASSo I then stated that I was leaving

Jio"

C/.5

�Page 2 Memoran dum to Cou rtney Smith continued

and t hat it was up to the employ ees t h ere to do as the y wished o All whites left since SASS was not prepared to talk until it was an all black meeting. I n retrospect, it might have been better for me to ask that the request Harold Buchanan made be reduced to writing, informing me just what t h ey wanted me to do, but at t h e time I felt the more re laxed atmosphere of stating t hat I was perfectl y a greeable ~ to SASS having an opportunity to explain their position to emplo y ees Collectively, partic ularly those who se sch edu l e woul d have precluded their attending the 12:30 Commons meeting on Tu esday, was more in keeping with o u r basic policy of makin g all information available to all members of the communit y.

' cc:

Edward K. Cratsley William Santon
t

�</text>
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                    <text>SWARTHMORE COLLEGE
SWARTHMORE . PENNS Y L V A N I A 190 81

BUSINE S S OFFICE

January 10, 1969

Memorandum to Courtney Smith From Lewis To Cook, JroJ

'7L/'

About 9 a.m. on January 8, 1969 Harold Buchanan and two other students came to see me in my office. I was asked if I had had meetings with employees concerning the SASS situation. I replied that all employees had been given the 4 written documents and that we had asked them to read the information if they wished to form their own opinion. I also stated that it was our feeling that all members of the college community, students, faculty and staff should have the same basic informationo I was asked if I would invite employees, particularly employees from Food Service, House Director and Superintendent's department to attend a meeting at 1:30 porn. in Sharples. I asked if all college employees would be welcome and was told they would be, but that they were particularly concerned that the personnel from the three operating departments have the opportunity to hear from SASS and to ask questions if they wished. All · ef!gGr ' 'l~j"t:~ employees and others were informed . pera ~n of the meet~ngo At 1:30 p.m. or shortly thereafter as I stood in the West Dining Room Where several employees were assembled, I was asked by a black student to step outside. At this time I was informed there had been a misunderstanding and that the meeting was for black employees only. I stated I had been asked to invite employees and this I had done and that everyone assembled was an employee, including myself. Again I was told they were sorry but that regardless of what Iid been told, they wanted a black meeting so that no one would feel inhibited. I stated that I would like to make a statement of my understanding of the request for a meeting and SASS members agreed. I explained to the assembled group, both black and white, that I'd been asked to invite employees to attend a meeting at 1:30 p.m. at Which SASS would be available to explain their position and answer questions. I further stated that SASS now wished this to be an all black meeting and that I was sorry that I had asked all employees to attend a meeting at Which they .were not now welcomed by SASSo I then stated that I was leaving

Jio"

C/.5

�Page 2 Memoran dum to Cou rtney Smith continued

and t hat it was up to the employ ees t h ere to do as the y wished o All whites left since SASS was not prepared to talk until it was an all black meeting. I n retrospect, it might have been better for me to ask that the request Harold Buchanan made be reduced to writing, informing me just what t h ey wanted me to do, but at t h e time I felt the more re laxed atmosphere of stating t hat I was perfectl y a greeable ~ to SASS having an opportunity to explain their position to emplo y ees Collectively, partic ularly those who se sch edu l e woul d have precluded their attending the 12:30 Commons meeting on Tu esday, was more in keeping with o u r basic policy of makin g all information available to all members of the communit y.

' cc:

Edward K. Cratsley William Santon
t

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                    <text>/
S\rJARTHl'10RE COIJ.,EGE

Swarthmore, Pennsylvania

January 10, 1969

To: From:

Students, Faculty and Staff Frank C. Pierson, Chairman Black Studies Curriculum Committee The faculty members of the Black Studies Curriculum

Commi ttee think it would be useful if every member of the College community could see the enclosed report, dated December 17, 1968, and signed by every member of the Committee. The plan proposed is analogous to that of the

concentration in International Relations in that Black Studies would be recognized as part of a student's major field, but would not form a separate discipline itself .

�Report of the E1ack Studies Curricult'.IIl Committee

The Black Studies Curriculum Corrunittee was a.ppointed by Courtney Smith in May, 1968 as an outgrowth of discus sions with members of the Swarthmore Afro-American Students Societyo Spokesmen for this group emphasized that little

'WOrk is being done in the Black Studies area at Swarthmol'e and that the resulting gap in the curriculum should be filled as soon as possibleo* In his lett.3r of May 17, 1968 President Smith said: iiI will continue to encourage departments to be considering What stUdies can appropriatelY and effectively be made a part of their offering at the earliest opportunity but it is my hope that your committee will give focus to all of our efforts a..'1d see how indiv:tdual additions to our program may build into some l arger and more coherent program. I i This report is addressed to the latter issue. General Plan
i~TIile

some important questions remain unresolved, the Committee agre es

that Black Studies should be made a part of the S'warthmore curriculum at this time. As citizens, our students will need to develop greater understanding of
Many
~d

Afro-American and African experiences. bear directly or indirectly on the urban

",Jill pursue careers Which will racial crisis. Scholarly work in

Black Studies has alt'eady achieved significant results and major gains can be expected in the near future. will have increasing expertise.
ne~d

This is an area in which members of our faculty

for general familiarity and, in some cases, special

The beginnings of a program already exist at the College and the

addition of further ",ork would fit in well ",Jith present offerings in a number of departments. For these r easons we conclude that Black Studies should be
curricullli~ ~

given a distinctive place in the Swarthmore

*Black Studi es may be defined as the r ole of blacks in society consi dered from cultural, historical and social poi nt s of vi ew~

�.. 2 -

More serious differences arise over precisely What this place should be. Should Black Studies be treated as a separate major or as a scattering

of courses along present lines, as a minor which could be attached to certain existing majors or as different groupings of courses among Which a student --could choose a particular rubric depending on his individual academic interests? Initially, the Committee feels a broad and rather flexible approach should be followed with respect to these questions. still in the planning stage. Some of the courses are The

Faculty appointments are still to be made.

direction of student interests in this area is still unclear.

The precise ways

in which the different aspects of Black Studies can best be related to various academic disciplines are still to be determinedo should not preclude major readjustments later on. The Committee accordingly concludes that students majoring in any subject bearing on Black Studies should be permitted to concentrate in this area as an aspect of the work in their major. Tentatively, the subjects falling in this Thus, any step taken now

category are Art History, Economics, English, History, Music, Political Science, and Sociology-Anthropology, but others might be added at a later date. Recommendation I. Students majoring in subjects of Which Black Studies

are a part will be permitted to concentrate in the latter area as an aspect of the work in their major under conditions approved by the departments involved. Specific Elements Since the approach to Black Studies will differ among departments, it will not be possible to spell out in detail the requirements for the different concentrations in this area at this time.
If' general approval for the differ-

ent concentrations in this area is given to the Committee proposal, individual departments will be invited to establish such requirements as they deem appropriate . Cert ain overall provisions, however, call for general faculty action.

�- 3 One such question i s ""hether the minimum requirement for a concent ration in Black Studies should be set as 10", as two or t hree coure,es or as high as six or seven . If
1-:2

limit the question of minimtnn requirements to courses

that will be primarily concerned with Black Studi es alone, i t seems unlikely that students could take more than six courses in this area in addition to the
""~rk

in their major.

On the other hand, anything below four courses ""Quld
It therefore seems
appropri ~­

hardly be enough to qualify as a concentration.

ate, at least for the immediate future, to set the minimum at approximately five courses. Another question is whether the work in Black Studies should be limited to the standard course form or ",hether consi derable diversity should be allowed. Two quite different considerations need to be kept in mind in this connection :
1. In a relatively new area of this s ')rt a certain amount of flexibility 1 !,ill

need to be exercised just to get the program off the ground.

2. If the

approaches taken by individual departments are not carefully planned and closely moni tored, the
'~rk

in this area wi ll prove of little lasting significance.

The CorrillUttee therefore feels that experimentation with thesis projects, special reading courses, off-campus work-study arrangements and the like should be permitted in this area only "T here there is assurance the "Jork ""rill meet customary standards of the departments involvedo Still another question is whether there should be one or two basic courses which would be required of all students concentrating in Black Studies. Eventually, this might be des irable but it is too early to say whether, for example, a particular course in history or sociology would fill this need. the other hand, since introductory course 'work in a number of departments is or can be limited to one s emester,
basi ~

On

courses in Black Studies could be

rr.ade available to students in t hese dC':partments in the follo"Jing semester of

�- 4 -

the same year. Black Studies

The specific courses which st.':,dents wishing to concentrate i n
~~ll

take

~~ll

have to be wor ked out by the individual depart-

ments concerned. Recommendation II. Students concentrating in Black Studies will take Departments

at least five semester courses or their equivalent in tl::.i s area.

in f i elds bearing on this subject ",ill be encouraged to offer a basic course i n Black St udies which could be taken after the first semester of the i ntroductory course has been completed. St aff Recruitment
If students at Swarthmore are to gain a full and balanced under standregul&lt;~

ing of the Black Studies area, it is important that they have access to authorities and observers with black as
~~ll

as white perspectives.

Since both our

students and faculty are predominantly "i'J nite, the Committee believes that black teachers
~Qth

black perspective should be given top priority in the staffing

of personnel for the Black Studie s program. The problem is that many other ins titutions are planning or have already taken similar steps and the number of qualified black scholars does not even approach the extent of the demand. Swarthmore aggressively compete for these Some argue that if institutions like
teachers~

the Negro colleges and

other less well endowed schools will be seriously undercut, the net gain of all our efforts
comL~

to less than zero.
~~uld

The view of the Committee is that a black scholar who decides he

be most effective at S"Iarthmore should be permitted to make this choice himself~

and

that~

in the long run at least., it

~!()uld

be c.dvantageous for all conAt the

cerned if the options open to such scholars were many I'ather than few. same time, the scarcity of supply obviously poses a

formidable problem and we

�- 5 will have to resort to a variety of arrangements in order to attract qualified personnel. pointments Some of the possibilities are pa.rt-time appointments, joint ap~Qth

Haverford and Bryn

¥ ~~T,

exchange professorships with Lincoln

and Cheyney State, and visiting scholars from such institutions as Howard and the New Sdlool for Afro-American Thought in Fashington, Do C. 'V ithout impair-

ing essential academic standards, the College will probably have to consider persons for appointments in this area who do not possess some of the more usu,?,.l. aeademic credentials. The members of the Swarthmore Afro-American Student

Society, majors in the departments concerned and other interested students should participate actively in finding qualified personneL RecoIm,lendation 1110 Recognizing the acute interest which the black

students as represented by their organiZation, the Swarthmore Afro-American Student Society, majors and other interested students have in the successful development of this program, the faculty recommends that such students have an active partici pating voice in both the recruitment and evaluation of potential personneL In order to correct the imbalance in its total curricular offer-

ings, Swarthmore should emphasize the black perspective in its Black Studies offerings by making a special effort to recruit black teachers Who will also meet the college 9 s high academic standards. Part-time appointments and shar-

ing arrangements will have to be - considered because of the severe scarcity of qualified personnel. Black Studies Curriculum
Co~ttee:

Decamber 16, 1968

Marilyn C. Allman Allen J. Diotri ch Clinton A. Etheridge Marilyn J. Holifield Don A.. Mizell Asmarom Legesse John S. Shackford Jon Van Til Harrison M. Wright Frarck C. Pierson, Chairman

�!

Swarthmore College CUrriculum Offerings in Black Studies 1968-69 Economics Social Economics course (Marcus Alexis): the economics of race, discrimination and. poverty; comparative educational, housing, and health patterns, consumption patterns in center city areas, programs for dealing with urban poverty. Dr. Alexis, a nationally known Negro economist, is Professor of Economics, Scheol of Business Administration, University of Rochester. Labor course (Frank Pierson): sections of course deal with employment and unemployment in urban centers, movement of labor from rural to urban areas, dis .. crimination in hiring and promotion policies, black worker career patterns, private and public manpower development programs. Labor and Social Economics seminar (Frank Pierson and Frederic Pryor): several weeks on the foregoing topics. Histog African History course and seminar (Harrison wright): American History courses and seminars (Robert Bannister and James Field) : The general courses in American history and the American history seminar deal with selected issues in this area. Colloquium on special area (Harrison Wright): e.g., last year's colloquium on South Africa. Political Science Politics of Urban Ghetto course (Paul Lutzker and Alvin Echols): According to Mr. Lutzker, "The course is conceived of as a confrontation of the general concepts and theoretical approaches of the discipline with the concerns of people involved in community organization. In what ways can confrontation with concrete problems clarify the ambiguities of the discipline's formulations of general principles? In what ways can the work of academics aid community action organizations in understanding the nature of the decision-making process they are trying to influence or alter?!! Nt'. Echols, an active leader in the Philadelphia Black Community, is head of the North City Congress. Politics of Africa course (Raymond Hopkins) other courses and seminars, such as Political Development, Political Sociology, and Politics and Legislation, bear on this general area. Psychology A number of courses, including Psychology of Attitudes, Social Psychology of Social Issues, and Problems in Urban Education, bear on this general area. Sociology and Anthropology COurses; Societies and. Cultures of Africa (Asmarom Legesse) Race and Ethnic Relations in the U.S. (Jon Van Til) Social Change (Robert Mitchell): in studyir...g theories and case studies of social change, special attention is giv€u in t his course to the modernization process in Africa. Cities and Society (Jon Van Til) Seminars: Race and Culture (Jon Van Til) urban Sociology (Jon Van Til)

�</text>
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                    <text>/
S\rJARTHl'10RE COIJ.,EGE

Swarthmore, Pennsylvania

January 10, 1969

To: From:

Students, Faculty and Staff Frank C. Pierson, Chairman Black Studies Curriculum Committee The faculty members of the Black Studies Curriculum

Commi ttee think it would be useful if every member of the College community could see the enclosed report, dated December 17, 1968, and signed by every member of the Committee. The plan proposed is analogous to that of the

concentration in International Relations in that Black Studies would be recognized as part of a student's major field, but would not form a separate discipline itself .

�Report of the E1ack Studies Curricult'.IIl Committee

The Black Studies Curriculum Corrunittee was a.ppointed by Courtney Smith in May, 1968 as an outgrowth of discus sions with members of the Swarthmore Afro-American Students Societyo Spokesmen for this group emphasized that little

'WOrk is being done in the Black Studies area at Swarthmol'e and that the resulting gap in the curriculum should be filled as soon as possibleo* In his lett.3r of May 17, 1968 President Smith said: iiI will continue to encourage departments to be considering What stUdies can appropriatelY and effectively be made a part of their offering at the earliest opportunity but it is my hope that your committee will give focus to all of our efforts a..'1d see how indiv:tdual additions to our program may build into some l arger and more coherent program. I i This report is addressed to the latter issue. General Plan
i~TIile

some important questions remain unresolved, the Committee agre es

that Black Studies should be made a part of the S'warthmore curriculum at this time. As citizens, our students will need to develop greater understanding of
Many
~d

Afro-American and African experiences. bear directly or indirectly on the urban

",Jill pursue careers Which will racial crisis. Scholarly work in

Black Studies has alt'eady achieved significant results and major gains can be expected in the near future. will have increasing expertise.
ne~d

This is an area in which members of our faculty

for general familiarity and, in some cases, special

The beginnings of a program already exist at the College and the

addition of further ",ork would fit in well ",Jith present offerings in a number of departments. For these r easons we conclude that Black Studies should be
curricullli~ ~

given a distinctive place in the Swarthmore

*Black Studi es may be defined as the r ole of blacks in society consi dered from cultural, historical and social poi nt s of vi ew~

�.. 2 -

More serious differences arise over precisely What this place should be. Should Black Studies be treated as a separate major or as a scattering

of courses along present lines, as a minor which could be attached to certain existing majors or as different groupings of courses among Which a student --could choose a particular rubric depending on his individual academic interests? Initially, the Committee feels a broad and rather flexible approach should be followed with respect to these questions. still in the planning stage. Some of the courses are The

Faculty appointments are still to be made.

direction of student interests in this area is still unclear.

The precise ways

in which the different aspects of Black Studies can best be related to various academic disciplines are still to be determinedo should not preclude major readjustments later on. The Committee accordingly concludes that students majoring in any subject bearing on Black Studies should be permitted to concentrate in this area as an aspect of the work in their major. Tentatively, the subjects falling in this Thus, any step taken now

category are Art History, Economics, English, History, Music, Political Science, and Sociology-Anthropology, but others might be added at a later date. Recommendation I. Students majoring in subjects of Which Black Studies

are a part will be permitted to concentrate in the latter area as an aspect of the work in their major under conditions approved by the departments involved. Specific Elements Since the approach to Black Studies will differ among departments, it will not be possible to spell out in detail the requirements for the different concentrations in this area at this time.
If' general approval for the differ-

ent concentrations in this area is given to the Committee proposal, individual departments will be invited to establish such requirements as they deem appropriate . Cert ain overall provisions, however, call for general faculty action.

�- 3 One such question i s ""hether the minimum requirement for a concent ration in Black Studies should be set as 10", as two or t hree coure,es or as high as six or seven . If
1-:2

limit the question of minimtnn requirements to courses

that will be primarily concerned with Black Studi es alone, i t seems unlikely that students could take more than six courses in this area in addition to the
""~rk

in their major.

On the other hand, anything below four courses ""Quld
It therefore seems
appropri ~­

hardly be enough to qualify as a concentration.

ate, at least for the immediate future, to set the minimum at approximately five courses. Another question is whether the work in Black Studies should be limited to the standard course form or ",hether consi derable diversity should be allowed. Two quite different considerations need to be kept in mind in this connection :
1. In a relatively new area of this s ')rt a certain amount of flexibility 1 !,ill

need to be exercised just to get the program off the ground.

2. If the

approaches taken by individual departments are not carefully planned and closely moni tored, the
'~rk

in this area wi ll prove of little lasting significance.

The CorrillUttee therefore feels that experimentation with thesis projects, special reading courses, off-campus work-study arrangements and the like should be permitted in this area only "T here there is assurance the "Jork ""rill meet customary standards of the departments involvedo Still another question is whether there should be one or two basic courses which would be required of all students concentrating in Black Studies. Eventually, this might be des irable but it is too early to say whether, for example, a particular course in history or sociology would fill this need. the other hand, since introductory course 'work in a number of departments is or can be limited to one s emester,
basi ~

On

courses in Black Studies could be

rr.ade available to students in t hese dC':partments in the follo"Jing semester of

�- 4 -

the same year. Black Studies

The specific courses which st.':,dents wishing to concentrate i n
~~ll

take

~~ll

have to be wor ked out by the individual depart-

ments concerned. Recommendation II. Students concentrating in Black Studies will take Departments

at least five semester courses or their equivalent in tl::.i s area.

in f i elds bearing on this subject ",ill be encouraged to offer a basic course i n Black St udies which could be taken after the first semester of the i ntroductory course has been completed. St aff Recruitment
If students at Swarthmore are to gain a full and balanced under standregul&lt;~

ing of the Black Studies area, it is important that they have access to authorities and observers with black as
~~ll

as white perspectives.

Since both our

students and faculty are predominantly "i'J nite, the Committee believes that black teachers
~Qth

black perspective should be given top priority in the staffing

of personnel for the Black Studie s program. The problem is that many other ins titutions are planning or have already taken similar steps and the number of qualified black scholars does not even approach the extent of the demand. Swarthmore aggressively compete for these Some argue that if institutions like
teachers~

the Negro colleges and

other less well endowed schools will be seriously undercut, the net gain of all our efforts
comL~

to less than zero.
~~uld

The view of the Committee is that a black scholar who decides he

be most effective at S"Iarthmore should be permitted to make this choice himself~

and

that~

in the long run at least., it

~!()uld

be c.dvantageous for all conAt the

cerned if the options open to such scholars were many I'ather than few. same time, the scarcity of supply obviously poses a

formidable problem and we

�- 5 will have to resort to a variety of arrangements in order to attract qualified personnel. pointments Some of the possibilities are pa.rt-time appointments, joint ap~Qth

Haverford and Bryn

¥ ~~T,

exchange professorships with Lincoln

and Cheyney State, and visiting scholars from such institutions as Howard and the New Sdlool for Afro-American Thought in Fashington, Do C. 'V ithout impair-

ing essential academic standards, the College will probably have to consider persons for appointments in this area who do not possess some of the more usu,?,.l. aeademic credentials. The members of the Swarthmore Afro-American Student

Society, majors in the departments concerned and other interested students should participate actively in finding qualified personneL RecoIm,lendation 1110 Recognizing the acute interest which the black

students as represented by their organiZation, the Swarthmore Afro-American Student Society, majors and other interested students have in the successful development of this program, the faculty recommends that such students have an active partici pating voice in both the recruitment and evaluation of potential personneL In order to correct the imbalance in its total curricular offer-

ings, Swarthmore should emphasize the black perspective in its Black Studies offerings by making a special effort to recruit black teachers Who will also meet the college 9 s high academic standards. Part-time appointments and shar-

ing arrangements will have to be - considered because of the severe scarcity of qualified personnel. Black Studies Curriculum
Co~ttee:

Decamber 16, 1968

Marilyn C. Allman Allen J. Diotri ch Clinton A. Etheridge Marilyn J. Holifield Don A.. Mizell Asmarom Legesse John S. Shackford Jon Van Til Harrison M. Wright Frarck C. Pierson, Chairman

�!

Swarthmore College CUrriculum Offerings in Black Studies 1968-69 Economics Social Economics course (Marcus Alexis): the economics of race, discrimination and. poverty; comparative educational, housing, and health patterns, consumption patterns in center city areas, programs for dealing with urban poverty. Dr. Alexis, a nationally known Negro economist, is Professor of Economics, Scheol of Business Administration, University of Rochester. Labor course (Frank Pierson): sections of course deal with employment and unemployment in urban centers, movement of labor from rural to urban areas, dis .. crimination in hiring and promotion policies, black worker career patterns, private and public manpower development programs. Labor and Social Economics seminar (Frank Pierson and Frederic Pryor): several weeks on the foregoing topics. Histog African History course and seminar (Harrison wright): American History courses and seminars (Robert Bannister and James Field) : The general courses in American history and the American history seminar deal with selected issues in this area. Colloquium on special area (Harrison Wright): e.g., last year's colloquium on South Africa. Political Science Politics of Urban Ghetto course (Paul Lutzker and Alvin Echols): According to Mr. Lutzker, "The course is conceived of as a confrontation of the general concepts and theoretical approaches of the discipline with the concerns of people involved in community organization. In what ways can confrontation with concrete problems clarify the ambiguities of the discipline's formulations of general principles? In what ways can the work of academics aid community action organizations in understanding the nature of the decision-making process they are trying to influence or alter?!! Nt'. Echols, an active leader in the Philadelphia Black Community, is head of the North City Congress. Politics of Africa course (Raymond Hopkins) other courses and seminars, such as Political Development, Political Sociology, and Politics and Legislation, bear on this general area. Psychology A number of courses, including Psychology of Attitudes, Social Psychology of Social Issues, and Problems in Urban Education, bear on this general area. Sociology and Anthropology COurses; Societies and. Cultures of Africa (Asmarom Legesse) Race and Ethnic Relations in the U.S. (Jon Van Til) Social Change (Robert Mitchell): in studyir...g theories and case studies of social change, special attention is giv€u in t his course to the modernization process in Africa. Cities and Society (Jon Van Til) Seminars: Race and Culture (Jon Van Til) urban Sociology (Jon Van Til)

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